Threats to Fruit and Vegetable Crops: Fruit Flies (Tephritidae) - Ecology, Behaviour, and Management

M. Shafiq Ansari,Fazil Hasan,Nadeem Ahmad 한국작물학회 2012 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.15 No.3

Approximately 4,000 known/described species of fruit flies (Tephritidae) are distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of world, out of which 200 species are economically important and damaging/spoiling not only to fruits but also to a number of vegetable crops. Despite their tremendous importance, a limited amount of information is available on the ecology and behaviour of fruit flies especially when compared to fruit fly species complex. It is necessary to understand the ecology and behaviour before the formulation of management strategy. The present review may serves as a baseline data for scientists engaged in fruit fly management programs. Key themes include: (1) demography and population dynamics and, (2) behaviour (e.g. sexual, mating, oviposition,and feeding). The excess of literature on monitoring and management of fruit flies are available, which includes male sterilization and annihilation, mass trapping, chemical baits, mating disruption, and biological control. But few of them are easily adopted by users and give satisfactory control of fruit flies and rest are not easily adopted or if used does not give effective control, because of the lack of knowledge about the ecology and behaviour of fruit flies. If the information on population dynamics, behavior, and the related ecological factors are not jointly gathered, it is almost impossible to carry out an appropriate pest control at the right time and place. We hope that this synthesis will lay the groundwork for future ecological and behavioural studies of fruit fly species, populations,communities, and control.

Threats to Fruit and Vegetable Crops: Fruit Flies (Tephritidae) - Ecology, Behaviour, and Management

Ansari, M. Shafiq,Hasan, Fazil,Ahmad, Nadeem 한국작물학회 2012 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.15 No.3

Approximately 4,000 known/described species of fruit flies (Tephritidae) are distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of world, out of which 200 species are economically important and damaging/spoiling not only to fruits but also to a number of vegetable crops. Despite their tremendous importance, a limited amount of information is available on the ecology and behaviour of fruit flies especially when compared to fruit fly species complex. It is necessary to understand the ecology and behaviour before the formulation of management strategy. The present review may serves as a baseline data for scientists engaged in fruit fly management programs. Key themes include: (1) demography and population dynamics and, (2) behaviour (e.g. sexual, mating, oviposition, and feeding). The excess of literature on monitoring and management of fruit flies are available, which includes male sterilization and annihilation, mass trapping, chemical baits, mating disruption, and biological control. But few of them are easily adopted by users and give satisfactory control of fruit flies and rest are not easily adopted or if used does not give effective control, because of the lack of knowledge about the ecology and behaviour of fruit flies. If the information on population dynamics, behavior, and the related ecological factors are not jointly gathered, it is almost impossible to carry out an appropriate pest control at the right time and place. We hope that this synthesis will lay the groundwork for future ecological and behavioural studies of fruit fly species, populations, communities, and control.

Effect of Indian mustard on feeding, larval survival and development of Plutella xylostella at constant temperatures

M. Shafiq ANSARI,Tufail AHMAD,Haidar ALI 한국곤충학회 2010 Entomological Research Vol.40 No.3

Feeding behavior of Plutella xylostella under optional to non-optional conditions was studied at 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C on Indian mustard, Brassica juncea. The study reveals that the variety Pusa Bahar was significantly less preferred by the larvae as compared with Pusa Bold and Varuna under optional to non-optional conditions. Larvae of P. xylostella consumed more food at 25°C than 20°C, 15°C and 10°C. Larval survival was found to be highest on cabbage (control) as compared with Indian mustard and was found to vary with host plants and temperature. The larval survival decreased to 11.29% on Pusa Bahar at 10°C. Increasing the temperature from 10°C to 20°C, larval mortality resulted more on Varuna than Pusa Bahar and Pusa Bold. Developmental period was prolonged on Pusa Bold at 10°C while it was shortest on cabbage at 25°C. A total of 536.47 degree days were required to complete the development by immature stages on Varuna at 25°C and 421.64 degree days on cabbage.

Insecticidal effect on a population of Spilarctia obliqua (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

M. Shafiq ANSARI,Haidar ALI,Shazia SHAFQAT 한국곤충학회 2012 Entomological Research Vol.42 No.6

Survivors of Spilarctia obliqua derived from 3rd instars that had ingested LC50 of imidacloprid (0.025%), dichlorvos (0.014%) and endosulfan (0.012%) were studied through the life table method. Survivorship was reduced in insecticide exposed populations as compared to 45‐day in the control groups. Egg hatching was significantly decreased for the insecticide treated populations. Total larval mortality was the highest for endosulfan (36.76%) as compared to the individuals that died among control groups (14.29%). Life expectancy (ex) was decreased gradually over time and stage of development for insecticides tested and the control groups. Dichlorvos (0.014%) has caused a significant reduction in the potential fecundity i.e. 315 females/female/generation, while 415 in the unexposed cohorts. Net reproductive rate (Ro) was the lowest in endosulfan (118.47 females/female/generation) treatment followed by dichlorvos (141.97), imidacloprid (144.49) and the control groups (272.42). Similarly, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was substantially decreased after exposure with endosulfan (0.124 females/female/day) as compared to 0.135 in the unexposed cohort. The finite rate of increase (λ) was not significantly different among the insecticide treatments and control groups. Mean generation time was significantly reduced after exposure to dichlorvos (37.19 days). However, 41.34 days were required to complete one generation by S. obliqua in the absence of insecticides. Based on these results, population of S. obliqua would double in 5.19 days under the influence of dichlorvos while requiring 5.13 days for unexposed cohorts.

Effect of Different Cole Crops on the Biological Parameters of Pieris brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) under Laboratory Conditions

Hasan, Fazil,Ansari, M. Shafiq 한국작물학회 2010 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.13 No.3

The effect of different cole crops was studied on biological parameters of Pieris brassicae (L.) in the laboratory at $28^{\circ}C$, 65% RH, and 12L:12D photoperiod. The results indicated that host plants significantly affected the life history, i.e. survival of developmental stages, oviposition period, and sex ratio of P. brassicae. Comparative study on different host plant revealed that P. brassicae required a maximum of 40 days to complete generation on cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. The survivorship and expectation of life declined gradually with the advancement of age; the life expectancy of newly deposited eggs was 23.96 days while it was 8.12 days at the time of adult emergence on cabbage. However, the fluctuations of mortality parameter were seen on all the cole crops. On cabbage, 100% hatching of eggs with low larval mortality were noticed. The highest net reproductive rate ($R_0$) occurred on cauliflower, i.e. 27.1 followed by cabbage 24.89, females per female per generation. Intrinsic rate of increase ($r_m$), was found to be highest (0.09558954) on cauliflower followed by broccoli and cabbage, 0.078886 and 0.077551 females per female per day, respectively. The smallest $r_m$ (0.059469 females per female per day) occurred on radish which shows that P. brassicae did not perform well on radish. In addition, P. brassicae may double in 7.2 days on cauliflower, 8.7 days on broccoli, and 8.9 days on cabbage. The sex ratio was computed as 1.5:1, female:male, respectively on cabbage.

Effect of Different Cole Crops on the Biological Parameters of Pieris brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) under Laboratory Conditions

Fazil Hasan,M. Shafiq Ansari 한국작물학회 2010 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.13 No.3

The effect of different cole crops was studied on biological parameters of Pieris brassicae (L.) in the laboratory at 28 °C, 65% RH,and 12L:12D photoperiod. The results indicated that host plants significantly affected the life history , i.e. survival of developmental stages, oviposition period, and sex ratio of P. brassicae. Comparative study on different host plant revealed that P. brassicae required a maximum of 40 days to complete generation on cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. The survivorship and expectation of life declined gradually with the advancement of age; the life expectancy of newly deposited eggs was 23.96 days while it was 8.12 days at the time of adult emergence on cabbage. However, the fluctuations of mortality parameter were seen on all the cole crops. On cabbage,100% hatching of eggs with low larval mortality were noticed. The highest net reproductive rate (R0) occurred on cauliflower,i.e. 27.1 followed by cabbage 24.89, females per female per generation. Intrinsic rate of increase (rm), was found to be highest (0.09558954) on cauliflower followed by broccoli and cabbage, 0.078886 and 0.077551 females per female per day, respectively. The smallest rm (0.059469 females per female per day) occurred on radish which shows that P. brassicae did not perform well on radish. In addition, P. brassicae may double in 7.2 days on cauliflower, 8.7 days on broccoli, and 8.9 days on cabbage. The sex ratio was computed as 1.5:1, female:male, respectively on cabbage.