社會規範影響力:探究其對可持續性服飾購買行爲的有效性

( Kim Y Hiller Connell ),( Joy M Kozar ) 한국마케팅과학회 2012 Journal of Global Fashion Marketing Vol.3 No.4

據調?顯示?使消費者非常了解?關心服飾産品與消費引發的環境與社會問題, 能?執行可持續性服飾購買行爲(SAPBs)的人數比率依然?低。因此, ?到削弱這種態度-行爲代溝的有效方法是?有必要的。規範性社會影響可以鼓勵可持續性環保行爲(Cialdini, Reno,& Kallgren, 1990)。此硏究之前的文獻中顯示社會規範對可持續性環保行爲是有影響力的, 包括家庭能源的節約(Nolan,Schultz, Cialdini, Goldstein, & Griskevicius, 2008)與酒店資源的節約(Goldstein, Cialdini, and Griskevicius, 2008)。也就是說, 硏究表明爲了促進可持續性環保行爲, 重點强調他人的可持續性消費者行爲是有效的。因此, 本硏究旨在分析對規範性社會影響的提倡對促進SAPBs是否有效。本硏究參加人員共分爲四組, 運用預備測試, 後續測試與擬實驗設計的方法, 同時利用三組拉門吊?裝置請消費者參與到SAPBs中來。第壹組拉門吊?裝置的信息條中含有呼?可持續性環保的信息, ?不包括社會規範影響。?外兩組拉門吊?裝置都包括規範性社會影響的信息, 其中壹個主要針對可持續性發展人權方面的信息, ?壹個則注重環境方面的影響。數據來源于美國中西部四年制大學中女子社團的學生們。調?抽樣隨機選取四個女子社團。每個社團與居民的選取都是隨機性的直到50個硏究對象名額報滿爲止。每個社團會被隨機分配到四個試驗小組中:管理組、可持續性環保信息組、人權信息組以及環境信息組。試驗開始後(Time 1), 硏究者首先請硏究對象完成預備測試以便于評?他們參與可持續性服飾購買行爲的程度。本調?包括人口統計學選項, 8項可持續性服飾購買行爲(SAPB)測算(Kozar & Hiller Connell, 2010)以及20項可持續性服飾購買(SAA)測算。SAPB測算範圍從1(非常不同意)至7(非常同意), 測算內容例如他們爲否爲血汗工廠中生産的廉價成衣花費的更多。SAA測算範圍從1(從不)至5(總是), 測算內容爲硏究對象參與到可持續性環保服飾購買行爲的頻率。預備測試數據收集完成後, 拉門吊?裝置會根據已經安排好的試驗小組分配到調?對象的房間中, 管理組不會安排拉門吊?裝置。在接下來的10周中, 對調?對象可持續性服飾購買的參與程度進行重新評?, 隨後完成調?對象的後續測試。硏究運用科隆巴赫標准化alpha系數確保測算的可?性(所有alpha?皆大于或等于.89)。接下來, 對SAPB與SAA進行加和平均爲預備測試與後續測試的數據得出兩個複合變量。本硏究采用項間與項內綜合ANOVA評?拉門吊?裝置對SAPB與SAA測算分數的影響, 四個試驗小組分別作爲相間變量, Time 1 與Time 2 作爲相內變量, SAPB總分數(與SAA分數)在不同時間段分別作爲獨立變量。Wilks`` lambda(組內平方和與總平方和之比)在本硏究中作爲檢驗統計量使用。總體來說, 196名調?對象參與了此項硏究。所有調?對象爲女性, 年齡在18至23歲之間。大多數調?對象(94.9%)爲非西班牙裔白人。SAPB的調?對象中, SAPB分數呈顯著變化, 範圍從Time 1(M=2.90, SD=1.25)至Time 2 [M=2.66, SD=1.30, F(1,192) =.967, p=.012]。但是, SAPB測算中調?對象的分數呈降趨勢-也就是說, 在呼?過社會規範影響力後, 他們參與SAPB的程度仍不高。?外, 拉門吊?信息類型(環境、人權、標准)對SAPB的影響沒有呈現統計顯著性, 四組之間?沒有明顯區別[F(3,316)=2.336, p=.074]。同樣, 分數對SAA測算的主要影響範圍從Time 1 (M=1.87, SD=.75)至Time 1 (M=1.87, SD=.75)沒有呈現統計顯著性。拉門吊?信息類型(環境、人權、標准)對SAA沒有顯著影響[F(3,316)=.728, p=.536]。本硏究闡述了雖然規範性社會影響對消費者的可持續性環保行爲有促進作用, 但服飾購買行爲是複雜的, 來自于社會同代人的壓力對有些消費者可持續性服飾消費的模式促進作用不足。在未來的硏究中, 將以此硏究爲基礎?繼續?掘規範性社會影響力的潛力, 以改變服飾消費者的行爲。同時, 進壹步探尋能?鼓勵可持續性服飾消費的機制. Even when consumers are knowledgeable and concerned about sustainability issues related to apparel production and consumption, their level of engagement in sustainable apparel purchasing behaviors is low. Through a four-group pretest posttest, quasi-experimental design, this exploratory research examined the persuasive appeal of door hangers employing social normative influence and petitioning consumers to engage in sustainable apparel-purchasing behaviors. Data were collected from students living on campus at a university in the Midwestern United States. At the start of the experiment, the participants completed a survey that assessed engagement in sustainable apparel purchasing. Door hangers were then distributed to the participants`` rooms. After 10 weeks, the students`` engagement in sustainable apparel purchasing was reassessed by having the participants complete an identical survey. Results indicate that engagement in sustainable apparel-purchasing behaviors among the participants was low. Furthermore, normative social influence was not an adequate motivator to increase consumption of sustainable apparel.

The LaserFIB: new application opportunities combining a high-performance FIB-SEM with femtosecond laser processing in an integrated second chamber

Ben Tordoff,Cheryl Hartfield,Andrew J. Holwell,Stephan Hiller,Marcus Kaestner,Stephen Kelly,Jaehan Lee,Sascha Müller,Fabian Perez-Willard,Tobias Volkenandt,Robin White,Thomas Rodgers 한국현미경학회 2020 Applied microscopy Vol.50 No.1

The development of the femtosecond laser (fs laser) with its ability to provide extremely rapid athermal ablation of materials has initiated a renaissance in materials science. Sample milling rates for the fs laser are orders of magnitude greater than that of traditional focused ion beam (FIB) sources currently used. In combination with minimal surface post-processing requirements, this technology is proving to be a game changer for materials research. The development of a femtosecond laser attached to a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (LaserFIB) enables numerous new capabilities, including access to deeply buried structures as well as the production of extremely large trenches, cross sections, pillars and TEM H-bars, all while preserving microstructure and avoiding or reducing FIB polishing. Several high impact applications are now possible due to this technology in the fields of crystallography, electronics, mechanical engineering, battery research and materials sample preparation. This review article summarizes the current opportunities for this new technology focusing on the materials science megatrends of engineering materials, energy materials and electronics.

Investigation on Non-invasive Current Mismatch Measurement in Paralleled GaN HEMTs

A. Lauer,H. Niakan,M. Hiller,B. Parkhideh 전력전자학회 2019 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2019 No.5

On the recent advancements in current sensor field, single chip contactless current sensors enable the end users to efficiently monitor the switching current in modern power electronics systems. This work further investigates a novel low-cost measurement technique based on Magnetoresistive (MR) sensors. The process uses a single current sensing unit, measuring the current mismatch between the two parallel Gallium Nitride (GaN) MOSFETs, which would be used for prognostic and protection purposes. The magnetic field distribution analysis of GaN devices in switching converter is investigated using FEA simulations, in order to optimize the MR sensor location. The experimental results verify the sensitivity and linearity of the sensing unit up to 20 A of current mismatch.

A Control Scheme to Reduce the Current Load of Integrated Batteries in Cascaded Multilevel Converters

Christian Korte,Eduard Specht,Stefan M. Goetz,Marc Hiller 전력전자학회 2019 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2019 No.5

While battery-integrated modular multilevel converters are a promising alternative to conventional inverters in applications such as automobiles, they often cause significant second-harmonic pulsating currents in the batteries, increasing their degradation rate and the system losses. In this paper, we propose a control scheme for the Modular Multilevel Series Parallel Converter (MMSPC) that reduces the pulsating current seen by the batteries. A harmonic voltage is injected into the controller output voltage, allowing the converter to significantly reduce the low frequency current pulsations by switching modules in parallel more often. This is combined with a simple balancing algorithm to determine the upcoming switching states. We have shown that–without the need of additional hardware–the second-harmonic pulsation can be reduced by over 40 % using voltage injection, by taking advantage of the fact that the MMSPC can parallelize battery-modules when the output voltage is low. This may allow battery degradation to be reduced and the range of an electric vehicle with an MMSPC-system to be increased.

Measurement of inverter caused losses in permanent magnet synchronous machines using a modular multiphase multilevel converter

C. Rollbuhler,L. Stefanski,S. Gretzinger,J. Kolb,M. Hiller,M. Doppelbauer 전력전자학회 2019 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2019 No.5

Current distortion of two-level converter-fed permanent magnet synchronous machines causes additional machine-side losses, which lead to a distinct reduction in the drive train efficiency of electric vehicles for instance. Determining these losses by measurement is still an ambitious task. On the one hand, there’s a lack of adequate voltage sources. On the other hand, there is no accurate procedure to distinguish between the different loss components. In this publication, a 100 kVA seven-level multilevel converter is used to determine the losses of a 60 kW highly-utilized permanent magnet synchronous machine for automotive use. Due to the good voltage quality of the multilevel converter, the machine currents have very low harmonic distortion and the determined losses are considered as fundamental ones. In a second experiment, the machine is operated with a conventional two-level converter. Comparing machine losses in both experiments allows the determination of the additional machine losses in two-level operation.