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Insight from early coral-stromatoporoid intergrowth, Late Ordovician of China
Lee, M.,Elias, R.J.,Choh, S.J.,Lee, D.J. Elsevier 2016 Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology Vol.463 No.-
One of the earliest endosymbiotic associations with stromatoporoids occurs in the Late Ordovician Xiazhen Formation of southeastern China. Bajgolia, an auloporid tabulate coral characterized by dichotomous branching due to longitudinal fission, is represented by free-living as well as endobiontic forms in various lithofacies representing a wide range of environments. Only two of 11 stromatoporoid genera (Clathrodictyon and Ecclimadictyon) hosted Bajgolia, mainly in reef and related facies. Bajgolia-stromatoporoid associations occur occasionally in the lower part of the formation, but eventually become persistent in the upper part. Such associations were initiated by larval settlement of the coral on the growth surface of the stromatoporoid. Growth of Bajgolia usually kept pace with its host, but the coral's ability to change growth direction and grow faster prevented its envelopment and termination by the stromatoporoid, allowing the establishment and recurrence of an ongoing endosymbiotic relationship between the two organisms. Endobiontic Bajgolia was able to survive with its corallites protruding from the host; in some cases, the growth form of the stromatoporoid changed in response to the coral. The relationships between Bajgolia and stromatoporoids were probably commensal, but there is also evidence for mutualism and/or parasitism. Bajgolia-stromatoporoid associations represent an important stage in the development of complex ecological relationships and community structure, prior to the common and widespread syringoporid (''caunopore tubes'')-stromatoporoid associations in the Siluro-Devonian.
Draft Genome Sequence of Pedobacter agri PB92T, Which Belongs to the Family Sphingobacteriaceae
Lee, M.,Roh, S. W.,Lee, H.-W.,Yim, K. J.,Kim, K.-N.,Bae, J.-W.,Choi, K.-S.,Jeon, Y.-J.,Jung, W.-K.,Kang, H.,Hyun, C.-G.,Kim, D. American Society for Microbiology 2012 Journal of Bacteriology Vol.194 No.14
A genetic algorithm for PDA optimal path generation using GPS
Lee, M.,Lee, Y.K.,Rittenhouse, R.G. Elsevier Science, B.V 2012 Applied soft computing Vol.12 No.8
Many web-sites provide a variety of electronic mapping services. Currently, many studies are underway to develop vehicle navigation software for PDA maps using GPS data. Popular among these services is one that computes the optimal route between two locations input by a user. This service of computing the optimal route plays an important role in vehicular navigation and distribution and delivery industries. The calculation and manipulation of the optimal route for navigation and vehicular delivery system improve the efficiency of vehicle use and delivery times, thereby reducing costs. The purpose of this study is to compute the optimal route by considering the direction of distribution vehicles and the delivery location and develop a genetic based algorithm that quickly generates the shortest route for delivery. The algorithm also generates the optimal route for itineraries having several destinations.