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Sang Hwa Kim,Chang Hoon Lee,BuHyun Youn,Hag Dong Kim,Joon Kim 한국물리학회 2008 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.52 No.4
We observe an anomalous low-field microwave absorption for {\it Escherichia coli} endonuclease III in the process of measuring the electron magnetic resonance. To understand this, we firstly paid attention to a three-dimensional structure of the [4Fe-4S] cubane cluster existing in endonuclease III and then built fluctuating electric dipoles driven by both mixed-valence characteristics of a [4Fe-4S] cluster and its double exchange mechanism between Fe²+ and Fe³+. By using this model, we were able to explain the microwave absorption in terms of electric dipole transitions between excited states of the [4Fe-4S] cluster. Finally, a possible effect of this microwave absorption on a repair rate of the damaged-DNA is discussed. We observe an anomalous low-field microwave absorption for {\it Escherichia coli} endonuclease III in the process of measuring the electron magnetic resonance. To understand this, we firstly paid attention to a three-dimensional structure of the [4Fe-4S] cubane cluster existing in endonuclease III and then built fluctuating electric dipoles driven by both mixed-valence characteristics of a [4Fe-4S] cluster and its double exchange mechanism between Fe²+ and Fe³+. By using this model, we were able to explain the microwave absorption in terms of electric dipole transitions between excited states of the [4Fe-4S] cluster. Finally, a possible effect of this microwave absorption on a repair rate of the damaged-DNA is discussed.
Can the Welfare State be Enhanced with Higher Corporate Tax in an Era of Trade Liberalization?
( Hag Soo Kim ),( Sang Yeob Lee ),( Chang Min Lee ) 한양대학교 경제연구소 2013 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Vol.18 No.2
We investigate globalization (trade liberalization)`s linkages to corporate tax burdens (the share of corporate tax revenues in GDP) and social welfare expenditures and present three major findings. First, there is no significant evidence of tax competition on the corporate tax burden due to globalization. Instead, we find evidence that a positive or curvilinear relationship exists between globalization and corporate tax burdens. Second, there is a weak possibility that globalization deteriorates the welfare state; as the world economy becomes more integrated, we observe a decrease in the share of social welfare expenditures as a proportion of GDP. Finally, we provide a negative relationship between corporate tax burdens and the share of social welfare expenditures as a proportion of GDP. Conclusively, our finding could suggest two possible relationships among globalization, the corporate tax burden, and social welfare expenditures.
Lee, Ji-Hyun,Lee, Chang-Hoon,Park, Sung-S.,Lee, Kee-Hag Korean Chemical Society 2011 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.32 No.1
We studied the relative stability and atomic structure of five $C_{20}^{2+}$ isomers obtained by two-electron ionization of a $C_{20}$ cage (the smallest fullerene). All the isomers are bond-stretch isomers, i.e., they differ in bond length. In particular, in one of the isomers with Ih symmetry, all the bond lengths are equal. Full geometry optimizations of the dipositive ion $C_{20}^{2+}$ were performed using the hybrid density functional (B3LYP/6-31G(d)) methods. All isomers were found to be true minima by frequency analysis at the level of B3LYP/6-31G(d) under the reinforced tight convergence criterion and a pruned (99,590) grid. The zero-point correction energy for the cage bond-stretch isomers was in the increasing order $D_{2h}<C_{2h}<C_2<T_h<I_h$ of $C_{20}^{2+}$. The energy difference among the isomers of cage dipositive ions was less than that among neutral cage isomers. Our results suggest that these isomers show bond-stretch isomerism and that they have an identical spin state and an identical potential energy curve. Although the predominant electronic configurations of the isomers are similar, the frontier orbital characteristics are different, implying that we could anticipate an entirely different set of characteristic chemical reactions for each type of HOMO and LUMO.
Lee, Wang-Ro,Lee, Chang-Hoon,Kang, Jin-Hee,Park, Sung-Soo,Hwang, Yong-Gyoo,Lee, Kee-Hag Korean Chemical Society 2009 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.30 No.2
This study examined the effect of the uptake of one and two electrons on the atomic structure of three isomers of $C_{20}$ clusters, namely the ring, bowl (corannulene like), and cage (the smallest fullerene). Geometry optimizations were performed using the hybrid density functional (B3LYP) methods for neutral, singly and doubly charged $C_{20},\;{C_{20}}^-,and\;{C_{20}}^{2-}$. These results show that the symmetry of the lowest energies for ring and bowl isomers were not changed, whereas the increasing order of energy for the cage (the smallest fullerene) isomers was changed from $D_{2h}\;<\;C_{2h}\;{\leq}\;C_2\;of\;C_{20}\;through\;Ci\;<\;C_{2h}\;<\;C_2\;<\;D_{2h}\;of\;{C_{20}}^-\;to\;Ci\;<\;C_2\;<\;D_{2h}\;<\;C_{2h}\;of\;{C_{20}}^{2-}$. The reduced symmetry isomers of the cage have comparative energy and the ground state symmetry of the neutral and single and double charged $C_{20}$ decreased with increasing number of electrons taken up in the point of energetics. Interestingly, the difference in energy between the ground state and the next higher energy state of ${C_{20}}^{2-}$ was 3.5kcal/mol, which is the largest energy gap of the neutral, single anion and double anion of the cage isomers examined.
Lee, Chang-Hoon,Park, Sung-Soo,Lee, Wang-Ro,Lee, Kee-Hag Korean Chemical Society 2010 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.31 No.2
The geometrical structures and energetics of positively doubly charged fullerene dimer $(C_{60})_2{^{2+}}$ conformers were studied using semiempirical PM3 and MNDO, Hartree-Fock (HF), and Hybrid B3LYP density functional methods. The shape of the HOMO-LUMO for the three conformers was also analyzed. The gauche conformer was the most stable of the three conformers. The anti conformer was more stable than the syn conformer.
Electrochemical reduction of CO and H2 from carbon dioxide in aqua-solution
Sung-Woo Lee,이제근,Kyoung-Hag Lee,Jun-Heok Lim 한국물리학회 2010 Current Applied Physics Vol.10 No.2
This study examined the characteristics of continuous operation in a continuous flow planar electrode reactor, such as Faradaic efficiency, selectivity, and products ratio of carbon dioxide. A silver electrode was found to be useful for the selective formation of carbon monoxide by the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous electrolytes. The products (CO, H2) were analyzed by gas chromatography,which was equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD), and the Faradaic efficiency and selectivity were calculated from the data. The yield of monoxide carbon increased with decreasing temperature but the hydrogen yield decreased. The carbon monoxide yield was higher at the lower range of electrolyte concentrations. A graph of the yield as a function of the electrode potential showed a negative parabolic curve. The maximum value is shown at -1.8 V vs. SCE. The optimized carbon monoxide to hydrogen ratio was obtained under the following conditions using a silver electrode: a 0.1 M KHCO3 electrolyte,20 ℃ and a potential of -1.8 V vs. SCE.
Sung-Joon Yoo,Hag-Min Kim,Yea-Rim Lee 한국무역학회 2019 Journal of Korea trade Vol.23 No.7
Purpose - Without question, globalization has presented different opportunities to entrepreneurs seeking to expand their companies in foreign markets. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial activity, information internalization, and product differentiation in export oriented firms. As such, entrepreneurial activities are divided into exploitative and exploratory opportunities. These opportunities are crucial in improving firms’ performance. Design/methodology - A structural questionnaire was developed using 21 factors/indicators from previous researches. The subjects of this study were recruited using convenience sampling in export SMEs in the Seoul Metropolitan Area. Data were collected through visits or e-mails from the export managers, executives, and CEOs of export SMEs in advance. 321 questionnaires were collected over a period of one month. 316 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. Findings - First, International Entrepreneurial-orientation (IE) has a positive effect on the exploration and exploitation of business opportunities. Second, the exploration and exploitation of business opportunities have a positive impact on information internalization. Third, information internalization has a significant effect on product differentiation and plays a mediating role in seeking opportunities, utilizing opportunities, and differentiating products. Originality/value - This study contributes to the development of academic discussions by explaining existing research gaps. First, there is currently a lack of research focusing precisely on the product differentiation capability of SMEs in manufacturing field in terms of IE. To bridge these gaps, we examined the entrepreneurial factors impact on product differentiation and tries to expand the discussion about the internationalization of SMEs, which were mainly focused on IT companies, and manufacturing companies. Second, there is no intuitive explanation regarding international entrepreneurial activity in terms of exploration and exploitation within existing. In this study, international entrepreneurship activities were classified in terms of exploration and exploitation.