고립지역의 산림자원 활용에 관한 고찰

이성기,이갑연,안영희 한국환경과학회 2004 한국환경과학회지 Vol.13 No.3

In case an average accumulation of the investigated area is 200m²/ha with cutting age of 80 years applied, annual workload will be 77ha and require 5 teams; each team consisting of 5 persons, enabling stabled supply of lumbers of 15,500m² every year. If one cutover is less than 2ha with cutting age of 80 years applied, it's possible to protect the peculiar ecology and secure stabled labor, workload and lumbering. It may become model forest out of tropical forest management which is controversial all over the world. Of course this presupposes construction of access roads.

「신탁법」상 수탁자의 의무와 권한

이연갑 법무부 2009 선진상사법률연구 Vol.- No.48

최근 법무부의 주도로 「신탁법」 개정작업이 진행 중이다. 현행 「신탁법」의 규정 중 수탁자의 의무 및 권한에 관련하여 개정이 필요하다고 생각되는 부분은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 수탁자의 선관주의의무는 임의규정임을 명시할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 충실의무에 관한 일반적·추상적 규정을 둘 필요가 있다. 셋째, 충실의무 중 이익상반금지행위에 관한 규정을 합리적으로 조정할 필요가 있다. 현행 「신탁법」은 신탁재산을 고유재산으로 하는 행위와 신탁재산에 대하여 권리를 취득하는 행위를 구별하여 정하고 있는데, 이와 같은 구별에는 합리적인 근거가 없다. 넷째, 수탁자의 의무위반에 대한 구제방법으로서, 유지 명령제도와 이익반환제도를 신설할 필요가 있다. 다섯째, 신탁재산이 신탁위반으로 처분된 경우 수익자가 그 재산을 신탁재산으로 반환시킬 수 있는 제도를 합리적으로 규정할 필요가 있다. 현행 「신탁법」은 공시할 수 있는 재산과 그렇지 않은 재산을 구별하여 정하고 있으나, 어느 경우이든 악의 또는 중과실의 요건만으로 거래안전을 도모하면 충분하다. 여섯째, 수탁자의 보수청구권과 비용상환청구권의 우선변제권에 관해 규정을 두어야 한다. 보수와 비용상환청구권을 구분하여, 보수청구권에 대해서는 우선권을 주지 않고, 비용상환청구권에 대해서만 우선권을 주는 것이 타당하다. 또한 비용상환청구권의 우선권은 질권 또는 저당권과 같은 순위로 하는 것이 바람직하다. Recently, Korean Ministry of Justice has been working on a revision of the Trust Code. This Code has been in force for more than 4 decades in its original form(with minor revisions). Its model is the Japanese Trust Code, which was made in 1920s based on the Anglo-American trust law of the 19th centuries. Therefore, Korean Trust Code has been criticized as outdated and ineffective to deal with modern economic environment. In this article, which was prepared for the revision hearing in September 25, 2009, the author explains some issues regarding the duties and rights of the trustees. Some of the provisions of the Trust Code need to be revised. First, the duty of care, which is one of the basic duties of the trustee, should be a default rule. Second, we need to formulate a provision about the duty of loyalty. Third, the provisions on the "no conflict rule" need to be repaired. Forth, we could make the injunctions available for the beneficiaries to prevent any breach of trust occurring. Fifth, as a powerful remedy for the breach of trust, provisions regarding the disgorgement of secret profits need to be installed as well. Sixth, we need to make priority rules about the compensation and renumeration of expenses. Preparing for the 21th century in trust lawyer's perspective, we need to make the Trust Code not only more efficient, but also more coherent with principles of Korean law. However, some scholars and practitioners want the Trust Code to be more effective vehicle to financial needs. Although the author recognizes the necessity of adaptation to the changed economic reality, he points out that much work has to be done before jumping on the revision train.

가시오갈피의 생리·생태적 특성 (Ⅰ) : 산지별 순광합성, 기공증산, 기공전도도 Net Photosynthetic Rates, Stomatal Transpirations, Stomatal Conductances of Leaves

한상섭,권정중,이갑연,허성두,김하선,김종원 江原大學校 森林科學硏究所 2003 Journal of Forest Science Vol.19 No.-

이 연구는 가시오갈피 엽의 생리적 특성을 밝히고자 광합성, 기공증산, 기공전도도의 생리반응을 측정한 것으로 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 광보상점은 양엽이 약 30 μ mol m^(-2) s^(-1), 음엽이 약 15 μ mol m^(-2) s^(-1) 이었다. 2. 광포화점은 양엽이 약 1,000 μ mol m^(-2) s^(-1), 음엽이 약 300 μ mol m^(-2) s^(-1) 이었다. 3. 우리나라 및 중국산 가시오갈피 상엽의 순광합성속도는 약 8.0-8.8 μ mol m^(-2) s^(-1) 로 산지간에 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 제주산 섬가시오갈피 상엽은 약 6.9 μ mol m^(-2) s^(-1) 로 다소 낮았다. 4. 모든 산지에서 중위엽의 순광합성속도는 상엽의 40-65%, 하위엽은 상엽의 30% 정도이었다. 그러나 섬가시오갈피 하엽은 상엽의 약 71%로 다소 높았다. 5. 상엽의 기공증산속도는 1.1-1.4 mmol H₂O m^(-2) s^(-1), 중위엽은 0.7-1.0 mmol H₂O m^(-2) s^(-1), 하위엽은 0.5-0.6 mmol H₂O m^(-2) s^(-1)로 산지별로 유의차가 없었다. 6. 기공전도도는 상엽이 약 70-90 mmol H₂O m^(-2) s^(-1)로 산지별 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 그러나 제주 섬가시오갈피 상엽은 약 380 mmol H₂O m^(-2) s^(-1)로 타산지보다 현저히 높았다. This study was made on the physiological reactions of photosynthesis, stomatal transpiration, stomatal conductance of Acanthopanax senticosus of leaves. The resuits obtained are as follows : 1. The light compensation points were approximately 30μ㏖ m^(-2)s^(-1) in sun leaves and 15μ㏖ m^(-2)s^(-1) in shade leaves. 2. The light, saturation points were approximately 1,000μ㏖ m^(-2)s^(-1) in sun leaves and 300μ㏖ m^(-2)s^(-1) in shade leaves. 3. There was no significant between various mountains distributed, net photosynthetic rates were approximately 8.0 to 8.8μ㏖ m^(-2)s^(-1) in upper leaves. However, net photosynthetic rate in upper leaves of Acanthopanax koreanum in Jeju island was slightly low about 6.9μ㏖ m^(-2)s^(-1). 4. Net photosynthetic rate in middle leaves of all mountains was ranged from 40% to 65% of upper leaves, and that in lower leaves was approximately 30% of upper leaves. But, the net photosynthesis in lower leaves of Acanthopanax koreanum in Jeju island was slightly high about 71% of upper leaves. 5. There was no significant between various mountains distributed, stomatal transpirations were ranged from 1.1 to 1.4 mmol H₂Om^(-2)s^(-1) in upper leaves, 0.7 to 1.0 mmol H₂O m^(-2)s^(-1) in middle leaves, and 0.5 to 0.6 mmol H₂0m^(-2)s^(-1) in lower leaves, respectively. 6. There was no significant between various mountains distributed, the stomatal conductance in upper leaves was ranged from 70 to 90 mmol H₂O m^(-2)s^(-1) . However, stomatal conductance in upper leaves of Acanthopanax koreanum in Jeju island was approximately 380 mmol H₂O m^(-2)s^(-1), its remarkedly higher than any other mountain.

육박나무의 성숙 종자로부터 체세포배발생에 의한 식물체 재분화

( Kab Yeon Lee ),( Tae Dong Kim ),( Yong Eui Choi ),( Young Joung Kim ),( Kyung Jin Cho ),( Byung Sil Lee ) 한국임학회 2005 한국임학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2005 No.-

A Study on Growth Performances of Norway Spruce(Picea abies(L .) Karst .) in Korea

Lee, Kab Yeon,Hong, Sung Gak 한국임학회 1989 한국산림과학회지 Vol.78 No.1

This study was carried out in order to evaluate the prospect of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as an economic forest tree species in Korea. The growth performances of Norway spruce introduced from Germany grown at four locations in southern part of Korea were investigated. But, unfortunately, seed sources of the species are not known in detail. The results obtained are as follows ; 1. The growth of Norway spruce at the age of 45 in Korea was fairly good compared to that of native fir(Abies holophylla Max.) which is known as fast growing conifer in Korea. As an average Norway spruce outgrew native Abies holaphylla 30 to 82 percents in volume growth. But, the growth of Norway spruce was significantly different in various micro sites even at the same plantation. 2. Growth performance was correlated with climate and site conditions of the plantations. .Among the site conditions, slope, sand and clay contents in soil, and annual mean temperature or mean temperature of March to October were negatively correlated with volume growth, while altitude, relative humidity, organic matter contents, total nitrogen contents, available phosphorus correlated with volume growth. 3. It is suggested that Norway spruce will grow well, particularly, in humid site or valley of high mountains in Korea. 4. The juvenile-mature correlation coefficients are calculated from the stem analysis data. A11 possible correlation coefficients were obtained between the 5-year age class and corresponding growth increment of diameter, height, and volume of Norway spruce. The correlation coefficients between age classes and diameter growth were 0.15 and to 0.19 between age classes and volume growth were 0.01 to 0.99 on age classes depending and in general the values are lower those than values concerned with height growth. Estimated correlation coefficients of height growth was 0.51 between age 5 and 45, and 0.63 between age 10 and 45.

A Study on Growth Performances of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in Korea

( Kab Yeon Lee ),( Sung Gak Hong ) 한국임학회 1989 한국임학회 정기학술발표논문집 Vol.1989 No.-

Spatial Genetic Structure of Allozyme Polymorphisms within a Small Population of Abies nephrolepis in Mt. Ohdae, South Korea

Lee, Seok-Woo,Yang, Byeong-Hoon,Lee, Kab Yeon,Song, Jeong Ho,Hur, Seong Doo,Lee, Jung Joo Korean Society of Forest Science 2008 한국산림과학회지 Vol.97 No.2

Using 8 isozyme polymorphic loci as gene markers, we studied the spatial distribution of genotypes in a naturally regenerated uneven-aged Eastern Siberian Fir (Abies nephrolepis Max.) stand (1ha, $100{\times}100m$) on Mt. Ohdae in northeastern South Korea. Gregorius' distograms and Moran's I correlograms revealed no evidence of significant genetic structure at three spatial classes of 5 m, 10 m, and 20 m. Extensive gene flow, due to the long distance dispersal of pollen and seeds in A. nephrolepis, may account for the lack of fine-scale spatial structure. Alternatives would be overlapping seed shadows caused by high densities of A. nephrolepis adult trees (160 trees/ha) and/or intraspecific competition resulting in extensive thinning within maternal half-sib groups.

Mycelial response and ligninolytic enzyme production during interspecific interaction of wood-rotting fungi

Kab-Yeon Lee,Seur-Kee Park,In-Hyeop Park,Joon-Sun Kim,Moon-Su Park,Hyun-Chae Jung 한국버섯학회 2017 한국버섯학회지 Vol.15 No.4

To evaluate effects of ligninolytic enzyme type on the mycelial response and ligninolytic enzyme production during interspecific interactions among wood-rotting fungi, 4 fungal strains, Trichophyton rubrum LKY-7, Trichophyton rubrum LSK-27, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, and Trichoderma viride, were selected. Regarding ligninolytic enzyme production, LKY-7 secreted laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP), P. cinnabarinus secreted only laccase, and LSK-27 secreted only MnP in glucosepeptone medium, while T. viride did not produce any ligninolytic enzymes. In the co-culture of LKY-7 with P. cinnabarinus, the formation of aerial mycelium was observed and the enhancement of laccase activity owing to interspecific interaction appeared to be very low. In the co-culture of LKY-7 and P. cinnabarinus with LSK-27, a hypha-free clear zone was observed, which resulted in deadlock, and increased laccase or MnP activity was detected at the interaction zone. The interaction responses of LKY-7, P. cinnabarinus, and LSK-27 with T. viride were characterized by the formation of mycelial barrages along the interface. As mycelial barrages were observed at the T. viride territory and no brownish pigment was observed in the mycelial barrages, it is suggested that laccase and MnP are released as part of an offensive response, not as a defensive response. The co-culture of P. cinnabarinus with T. viride lead to the highest enhancement in laccase activity, yielding more than 14-fold increase in laccase activity with respect to the mono-culture of P. cinnabarinus. MnP activities secreted by LKY-7 or LSK-27 was generally low in interspecific interactions.

Mycelial response and ligninolytic enzyme production during interspecific interaction of wood-rotting fungi

Lee, Kab-Yeon,Park, Seur-Kee,Park, In-Hyeop,Kim, Joon-Sun,Park, Moon-Su,Jung, Hyun-Chae The Korean Society of Mushroom Science 2017 한국버섯학회지 Vol.15 No.4

To evaluate effects of ligninolytic enzyme type on the mycelial response and ligninolytic enzyme production during interspecific interactions among wood-rotting fungi, 4 fungal strains, Trichophyton rubrum LKY-7, Trichophyton rubrum LSK-27, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, and Trichoderma viride, were selected. Regarding ligninolytic enzyme production, LKY-7 secreted laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP), P. cinnabarinus secreted only laccase, and LSK-27 secreted only MnP in glucose-peptone medium, while T. viride did not produce any ligninolytic enzymes. In the co-culture of LKY-7 with P. cinnabarinus, the formation of aerial mycelium was observed and the enhancement of laccase activity owing to interspecific interaction appeared to be very low. In the co-culture of LKY-7 and P. cinnabarinus with LSK-27, a hypha-free clear zone was observed, which resulted in deadlock, and increased laccase or MnP activity was detected at the interaction zone. The interaction responses of LKY-7, P. cinnabarinus, and LSK-27 with T. viride were characterized by the formation of mycelial barrages along the interface. As mycelial barrages were observed at the T. viride territory and no brownish pigment was observed in the mycelial barrages, it is suggested that laccase and MnP are released as part of an offensive response, not as a defensive response. The co-culture of P. cinnabarinus with T. viride lead to the highest enhancement in laccase activity, yielding more than 14-fold increase in laccase activity with respect to the mono-culture of P. cinnabarinus. MnP activities secreted by LKY-7 or LSK-27 was generally low in interspecific interactions.

위임과 신탁

Yeon kab Lee(李縯甲) 한국비교사법학회 2015 비교사법 Vol.22 No.1

민법상 위임과 신탁법상 신탁 사이에는 공통점도 있으나 중대한 차이점도 존재한다. 그 공통점은 신탁법상 신탁에 민법상 위임의 요소가 있기 때문이다. 여기에서 민법상 수임인에게 요구되는 선관주의의무가 신탁법상 수탁자에게도 요구되는 근거를 찾을 수 있다. 그러나 신탁법상 신탁에서는 민법상 위임과 달리 이 선관주의의무가 위탁자뿐 아니라 수익자에 대해서도 부담하는 것으로 규정되어 있다. 민법상 수임인인은 선관주의의무 위반에 대하여 금전에 의한 손해배상책임을 부담한다. 신탁법상 수탁자 역시 위탁자와 사이의 계약에 기한 채무불이행책임을 진다. 그러나 더 나아가 신탁재산의 감소 또는 변경이 있는 경우 그 원상회복의 책임도 부담한다. 또 민법상 수임인에게는 충실의무가 인정되는지에 관하여 논란이 있으나, 신탁법상수탁자의 충실의무는 확고한 법리로 정착되어 있다. 특히 수탁자는 공동수익자가 되는 경우를 제외하고는 누구의 명의로도 신탁의 이익을 누리지 못하고, 그 위반으로 얻은 이익은 신탁재산에 반환하여야 한다. 이러한 규율은 민법상 위임에서는 찾아볼 수 없거나, 적어도 명확하지 않다. 민법상 위임과 신탁법상 신탁을 계약법리의 관점에서 이해하는 경우, 어떤 사안에서 당사자 사이의 계약이 위임인가 신탁인가 구별하는 것은 결국 법률행위의 해석문제로 귀결된다. 위임의 본질적인 요소는 사무처리의 위탁에 있으나, 신탁의 본질적인 요소는 그를 뛰어넘어 신탁재산의 소유권을 수탁자에게 완전히 이전하는 데 있다. One of the classic problems of the trust law is the differentiation of trust from contract. In Anglo-American trust law, traditional observation of this problem is that the trust is not a form of contract. Korean trust law allows the creation of the trust in three ways only: contract between the settlor and the trustee, settlor's will, and settlor's declaration. All three types of creation involve the judicial act (Rechtsgeschäft) of the settlor. Therefore, when the trust is created by the contract between the settlor and the trustee, the powers, rights and duties of the interested persons are presumed to be regulated by the will of the parties. In this respect, there is not much difference between ordinary contract and trust contract. But when we investigate deeper into the realm, we find trust-specific regulations which are not easily explained by the contract theory. This is the reason of the different views to the nature of the trust in Korean trust law. When we compare the mandate and the trust, we find some common traits and considerable differences. Both mandatees and trustees are under a duty of care. But in contrast to the Anglo-American fiduciary law, it is still in debate whether the mandatee is under a duty of loyalty to the mandator. Therefore, it is unclear whether the profit made by the mandatee should be accounted for. However, the new Trust Act of Korea specifically prescribes the return of the profit made by the trustee. It is argued here that the essential qualities of both institution justifies the difference, and they are justified in turn by the will of the settlor. In mandate, there is "confidential" relationship between the mandator and the mandatee, and some discretionary power is given to the mandatee. However, there is no "trust property" concept in mandate. The ownership of the trust property belongs to the trustee, whereas the title remains with the mandator. The severe responsibilities of the trustee is the result of this title transfer of the trust property. Therefore, when we analyze the cases to find whether there is mandate or trust, we need to find the transfer of the property first.