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曺晧哲,金政煇,李時炯 大韓神經精神醫學會 1975 신경정신의학 Vol.14 No.1
Alcohol has long been used by humankind for the various reasons, eg, emotional, ceremonial, and even as a tranquilizer etc. Thus drinking pattern of a certain group is well reflected on its cultural climate. It is very this reason that, in the field of social science, one avenue to understand the pattern of culture is via analyzing that of drinking. Unfortunately, however, not many studies have been done about so called "social drinker" camparing to the numerous studies done about "alcoholism". The authors attempted to study a general pattern of drinking among Korean male adult. Two thousands copies of questionnaire which consists of 35 items, were distributed to the college students and parents of school children randomly as follows: 1) To compare the geographical differences; city of Taegu and town of Sang-Joo were selected for study. 2) To compare the generational defferences; Fresh-man and sophomore classes at Kyungpook National University were selected. Some of the meaningful findings are as follows; 1) Two thirds of Korean male adult drink alcohol occasionally, to be defined as so called "social drinker", and a third might be called "regular drinker". 2) Majority drink alcohol for the purpose of more smooth interpersonal relation, rather than escape from reality. 3) Traditionally as it has been, still majority of Korean male are quite against female drinking. 4) Majority drink low concentrated alcohol in larger amount. 5) Majority drink outside of home which is quite different from our tradition, thus its considered modernization slowly has begun to effect drinking pattern also. 6) Student group drinks for the emotional reason and they are more permissive toward the female drinking.
Cui, Yanji,Amarsanaa, Khulan,Lee, Ji Hyung,Rhim, Jong-Kook,Kwon, Jung Mi,Kim, Seong-Ho,Park, Joo Min,Jung, Sung-Cherl,Eun, Su-Yong The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2019 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.23 No.2
Glutamate toxicity-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal cell death are involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases as well as acute brain ischemia/stroke. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective mechanism of dieckol (DEK), one of the phlorotannins isolated from the marine brown alga Ecklonia cava, against glutamate toxicity. Primary cortical neurons ($100{\mu}M$, 24 h) and HT22 neurons (5 mM, 12 h) were stimulated with glutamate to induce glutamate toxic condition. The results demonstrated that DEK treatment significantly increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner ($1-50{\mu}M$) and recovered morphological deterioration in glutamate-stimulated neurons. In addition, DEK strongly attenuated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial overload of $Ca^{2+}$ and ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (${\Delta}{\Psi}_m$) disruption, adenine triphosphate depletion. DEK showed free radical scavenging activity in the cell-free system. Furthermore, DEK enhanced protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an important anti-oxidant enzyme, via the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2). Taken together, we conclude that DEK exerts neuroprotective activities against glutamate toxicity through its direct free radical scavenging property and the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway activation.
Lee, Sang-Eok,Lee, Jun-Ho,Ryu, Keun-Won,Nam, Byung-Ho,Cho, Soo-Jeong,Lee, Jong-Yeul,Kim, Chan-Gyoo,Choi, Il-Ju,Kook, Myeong-Cherl,Park, Sook-Ryun,Kim, Young-Woo The Korean Gastric Cancer Association 2012 Journal of gastric cancer Vol.12 No.2
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess the association between the pre-operative plasma fibrinogen level and the adjacent organ involvement in advanced gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 923 pre-operative plasma samples were obtained from 923 patients diagnosed clinically as having advanced gastric cancer, and fibrinogen levels were measured by immunoassay. Associations between fibrinogen levels and clinicopathologic findings (depth of tumor, adjacent organ involvement, and lymph node metastasis), along with survival were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Tumor size, tumor depth, and the presence of lymph node metastasis were found to be positively correlated with the preoperative plasma fibrinogen levels (P<0.001). Fifty (5.4%) patients had adjacent organ involvement. Lymphatic invasion (P<0.001), tumor size (P<0.001), clinical T (depth of invasion) stage (P<0.001), and clinical nodal stage (P=0.018) were found to be associated with adjacent organ involvement. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses showed that a preoperatively elevated plasma fibrinogen level was associated with adjacent organ involvement (P<0.001, 0.028), and Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that it was associated with poorer survival (P<0.001). Conclusions: Plasma fibrinogen was found to be a clinically useful marker of adjacent organ involvement and overall survival. When a high fibrinogen level is encountered, preoperatively, adjacent organ involvement should be suspected in clinically advanced gastric cancer.