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Residual stress control of Cu film deposited using a pulsed direct current magnetron sputtering
Kim, Tae Hyung,Lee, Soo Jung,Kim, Do Han,Kim, Dong Woo,Bae, Jeong Woon,Kim, Kyong Nam,Kim, Yong Mo,Yeom, Geun Young Elsevier 2018 THIN SOLID FILMS - Vol.660 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Residual stress of 10 μm thick copper (Cu) film deposited using direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering system was analyzed for various pulsed DC power conditions. It is found that the increase of pulse frequency at a fixed duty ratio of 80% from continuous wave (CW) to 100 kHz while maintaining the time average power significantly decreased the residual stress of Cu film from 21.75 MPa to 1.8 MPa. The decrease of pulse duty ratio further decreased the residual stress by showing 0.7 MPa at 60% of duty ratio and 50 kHz pulse frequency. Therefore, compared to CW power, Cu film with ~1/30 lower residual stress could be deposited by using DC pulse power. The decrease of residual stress by pulsing and by decreasing the pulse duty ratio while keeping the same time average power was related to the denser film density and smaller grain size of deposited Cu film caused by increased instant sputter power during the pulsing.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Residual stress of Cu film using sputter was analyzed for various pulsed power conditions. </LI> <LI> The pulse frequency and pulse duty ratio affect the residual stress of the Cu film. </LI> <LI> The higher instantaneous flux and ion energy lead to less tensile/more compressive stress. </LI> <LI> The residual stress is related to the grain size and film density of the Cu film. </LI> <LI> It is caused by the increased nucleation and increased ion bombardment on the substrate. </LI> </UL> </P>
Kim, Ok-Tae,Hyun, Dong-Yun,Bang, Kyong-Hwan,Jung, Su-Jin,Kim, Young-Chang,Shin, Yu-Su,Kim, Dong-Hwi,Kim, Swon-Won,Seong, Nak-Sul,Cha, Seon-Woo,Park, Hee-Woon The Korean Society of Medicinal Crop Science 2007 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.15 No.2
The cost of conventional cultivation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is very expensive, because shadow condition should be maintained during cultivation periods owing to inherently weak plant for high-temperature. Therefore, application of plant biotechnology may be possible to overcome these difficulties caused by conventional breeding of ginseng. Transgenic plants were produced via Agrobacterium tumefaciens Gv3101, both carrying the binary plasmid pBI121 mLPISO with nptII and Iso (isoprene synthase) gene. Integration of the transgenes into the P. ginseng nuclear genome was confirmed by PCR analysis using nptII primers and Iso primers. RT-PCR result also demonstrated the foreign isoprene synthase gene in three transgenic plant lines (T1, T3, and T5) which was expressed at the transcriptional level. When whole plants of transgenic ginseng were exposed to high temperature at $46^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, a non-transformed plant was wilted from heat shock, whereas a transgenic plant appeared to remain healthy. We suggest that the introduction of exogenous isoprene synthase is considered as alternative methods far generating thermotolerance ginseng.
한국인의 여가활동 제약과 삶의 만족도에 관한 구조모형 분석
김경식(Kyong Sik Kim),전형상(Hyeong Sang Jeon),김재운(Chae Woon Kim) 한국여가레크리에이션학회 2010 한국여가레크리에이션학회지 Vol.34 No.2
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between leisure constraints and life satisfaction among Koreans. To achive the goal of the current study described above paragraphs, using multi-stage area probability sampling method, finally drew out and analyzed 1,431 peoples in total. This study analyzed the data used in Korea`s overall society survey by Survey Research Center(SRC) of Sungkyunkwan University. But, this study utilized 1,000 peoples after exception of missing and outlier data. The result of reliability check up was here below; Chronbach` α=.623. To analyze materials, reliability analysis, SEM(structural equation modeling) were used as statistic analysis techniques. The conclusion based on above study method and the result of material analysis are here below. Firstly, leisure constraints have a negative influence on the leisure motivation. Secondly, leisure constraints have a negative influence on the leisure activities. Thirdly, leisure constraints have no influence on the life satisfaction. Fourthly, leisure motivation have a positive influence on the leisure activities. Fifthly, leisure motivation have a positive influence on the life satisfaction. Sixthly, leisure activities have a positive influence on the life satisfaction.
A Disease Model Pig Over-Expressing Mouse PEA15 Showed Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
Hyun-Mi Kim,Hyun-Min Kim,Hak-Jae Chung,Byong-Chul Yang,Kyung-Woon Kim,Jin-Ki Park,Sung-Ku Hong,Hee-Kyung Chung,Won-Kyong Chang,Hwi-Cheul Lee,Deug-Woo Han 한국동물번식학회 2012 Reproductive & Developmental Biology(Supplement) Vol.36 No.2s
Phosphoprotein Enriched in Astrocytes (PEA15) is a 15kD-sized intracellular signaling protein, highly expressed in astrocytes and constitutively expressed in peripheral tissues. Recently it was found that PEA15 expression was elevated in patients suffering type 2 diabetes and suggested to be involved in the syndrome of insulin resistance. To investigate the functional role of PEA15 for the control of blood glucose level, we produced a transgenic pig over-expressing mouse PEA15 (mPEA15). As a model animal, pig has many advantages. They have a higher fecundity and a short generation time and are physiologically similar to human. Using the transgenic pig, we carried out a series of experiments to establish a link between PEA15 expression and the insulin resistance. Our results suggested that, compared with control pig, mPEA15 pig has, (1) a higher blood resistin level, (2) a lower cell membrane-embeded GLUT4 level, and (3) a lower glucose clearing ability based on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). When our results combined, it can be concluded that mPEA15 over-expressing pig has many symptoms of insulin resistance and these pigs will become a useful disease model to investigate diabetes mellitus in the near future.
Ok-Tae Kim,Dong-Yun Hyun,Kyong-Hwan Bang,Su-Jin Jung,Young-Chang Kim,Yu-Su Shin,Dong-Hwi Kim,Swon-Won Kim,Nak-Sul Seong,Seon-Woo Cha,Hee-Woon Park 한국약용작물학회 2007 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.15 No.2
The cost of conventional cultivation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is very expensive, because shadow condition should be maintained during cultivation periods owing to inherently weak plant for high-temperature. Therefore, application of plant biotechnology may be possible to overcome these difficulties caused by conventional breeding of ginseng. Transgenic plants were produced via Agrobacterium tumefaciens Gv3101, both carrying the binary plasmid pBI121 mLPISO with nptII and Iso (isoprene synthase) gene. Integration of the transgenes into the P. ginseng nuclear genome was confirmed by PCR analysis using nptII primers and Iso primers. RT-PCR result also demonstrated the foreign isoprene synthase gene in three transgenic plant lines (T1, T3, and T5) which was expressed at the transcriptional level. When whole plants of transgenic ginseng were exposed to high temperature at 46℃ for 1 h, a non-transformed plant was wilted from heat shock, whereas a transgenic plant appeared to remain healthy. We suggest that the introduction of exogenous isoprene synthase is considered as alternative methods far generating thermotolerance ginseng.