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Park, Donguk,Choi, Sangjun,Ha, Kwonchul,Jung, Hyejung,Yoon, Chungsik,Koh, Dong-Hee,Ryu, Seunghun,Kim, Soogeun,Kang, Dongmug,Yoo, Kyemook Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2015 Safety and health at work Vol.6 No.3
The major purpose of this study is to construct a retrospective exposure assessment for benzene through a review of literature on Korea. Airborne benzene measurements reported in 34 articles were reviewed. A total of 15,729 individual measurements were compiled. Weighted arithmetic means [AM(w)] and their variance calculated across studies were summarized according to 5-year period intervals (prior to the 1970s through the 2010s) and industry type. Industries were classified according to Korea Standard Industrial Classification (KSIC) using information provided in the literature. We estimated quantitative retrospective exposure to benzene for each cell in the matrix through a combination of time and KSIC. Analysis of the AM(w) indicated reductions in exposure levels over time, regardless of industry, with mean levels prior to the 1980-1984 period of 50.4 ppm (n = 2,289), which dropped to 2.8 ppm (n = 305) in the 1990-1994 period, and to 0.1 ppm (n = 294) in the 1995-1999 period. There has been no improvement since the 2000s, when the AM(w) of 4.3 ppm (n = 6,211) for the 2005-2009 period and 4.5 ppm (n = 3,358) for the 2010-2013 period were estimated. A comparison by industry found no consistent patterns in the measurement results. Our estimated benzene measurements can be used to determine not only the possibility of retrospective exposure to benzene, but also to estimate the level of quantitative or semiquantitative retrospective exposure to benzene.
Estimates of the Number of Workers Exposed to Diesel Engine Exhaust in South Korea from 1993 to 2013
Choi, Sangjun,Park, Donguk,Kim, Seung Won,Ha, Kwonchul,Jung, Hyejung,Yi, Gwangyong,Koh, Dong-Hee,Park, Deokmook,Sun, Oknam,Uuksulainen, Sanni Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2016 Safety and health at work Vol.7 No.4
Background: The aim of this study was to estimate the number of workers exposed to diesel engine exhaust (DEE) by industry and year in the Republic of Korea. Method: The estimates of workers potentially exposed to DEE in the Republic of Korea were calculated by industry on the basis of the carcinogen exposure (CAREX) surveillance system. The data on the labor force employed in DEE exposure industries were obtained from the Census on Establishments conducted by the Korea National Statistical Office from 1993 to 2013. The mean values of prevalence rates adopted by EU15 countries were used as the primary exposure prevalence rates. We also investigated the exposure prevalence rates and exposure characteristics of DEE in 359 workplaces representing 11 industries. Results: The total number of workers exposed to DEE were estimated as 270,014 in 1993 and 417,034 in 2013 (2.2% of the total labor force). As of 2013, the industry categorized as "Land transport" showed the highest number of workers exposed to DEE with 174,359, followed by "Personal and household services" with 70,298, "Construction" with 45,555, "Wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels" with 44,005, and "Sanitation and similar services" with 12,584. These five industries, with more than 10,000 workers exposed to DEE, accounted for 83% of the total DEE-exposed workers. Comparing primary prevalence rates used for preliminary estimation among 49 industries, "Metal ore mining" had the highest rate at 52.6%, followed by "Other mining" with 50.0%, and "Land transport" with 23.6%. Conclusion: The DEE prevalence rates we surveyed (1.3-19.8%) were higher than the primary prevalence rates. The most common emission sources of DEE were diesel engine vehicles such as forklifts, trucks, and vans. Our estimated numbers of workers exposed to DEE can be used to identify industries with workers requiring protection from potential exposure to DEE in the Republic of Korea.
대학 캠퍼스 주변 호프집, PC방, 당구장의 실내 PM<sub>2.5</sub> 농도를 통한 ETS 노출 수준 평가
이재환 ( Jae Hwan Lee ),박동욱 ( Donguk Park ),하권철 ( Kwonchul Ha ) 한국산업보건학회 (구 한국산업위생학회) 2016 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.26 No.4
Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the indoor level of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and to assess the implementation rate of smoke-free laws at hospitality venues around a university campus by measuring particulate matter smaller than 2.5 ㎛ (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) as an indicator of ETS. Materials and Methods: We measured indoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations at 20 PC game rooms, 20 pubs, and 20 billiards halls using Sidepak AM510, a direct reading portable real time monitor, from October to December 2015. Results: Smoking was observed in 65% of the PC game rooms, 10% of pubs, and 85% of billiards halls. The average PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations were 98.2 ㎍/㎥, 29.0 ㎍/㎥, and 134.2 ㎍/㎥ at PC game rooms, pubs, and billiards halls, respectively. PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations in PC game rooms and billiards halls were 2 to 2.7 times higher than the 24-hour exposure standard for outdoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> (50 ㎍/㎥) by the Ministry of Environment. Conclusions: Although a smoking ban has been implemented for PC rooms and pubs, smoking is still taking place in many of these places. More stringent legal action is required for successfully protecting patrons and workers from secondhand smoke exposure. A ban on smoking in billiards halls should be introduced as quickly as possible.
Dong-Uk Park,Jiwon Kim,Minwoo Nam,Eunchan Mun,Yesung Lee,Kwonchul Ha,Sangjun Choi,Won-Jun Choi,Jihoon Park,Hyoungbae Jun,Soyoung Park 환경독성보건학회 2020 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.35 No.3
There is currently no governmental body in South Korea resembling the type of poison center (PC) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). All Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) member countries except for South Korea maintain such a PC tasked with both preventing poisoning accidents and supporting the prompt treatment of poisoned patients. Such a PC could very possibly have allowed the country to more promptly recognize the widespread wave of humidifier disinfectant (HD) associated health effects, including fatal lung injury and death, that lasted started roughly in 2000 and continued through 2011. Despite this chemical poisoning tragedy, South Korea still lacks a surveillance system to monitor health effects caused by the use and consumption of materials that include products containing chemicals, foodborne pathogens, drugs, pesticides, etc. There have been no legal procedures for examining the potential risk of products or materials manufactured by industry. The reporting of national poisoning data or causes of poisoning, which is near ubiquitous in advanced countries with a PC, has not taken place We recommend that a PC should be established within the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). In addition, in order to perform surveillance of poisoning cases across the country, a certain number of regional PCs, including at large hospitals, will also be necessary.
Jiyoung Park,Hyaejeong Byun,Gyuseok Hwang,Yangho Kim,Donguk Park,Kwonchul Ha,Eunkyo Chung,Chungsik Yoon 서울대학교 보건환경연구소 2011 보건학논집 Vol.48 No.1
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the desorption efficiency of carbon disulfide (CS₂) and a mixture of methylene chloride/methanol, compare measurements by charcoal tubes and diffusive samplers of EGME and EGMEA. Methods: To compare desorption efficiency, Three different concentrations (low, medium, and high) of EGME and EGMEA were injected into the charcoal tubes and diffusive samplers and desorbed using carbon disulfide (CS₂) and a mixture (95:5) of methylene chloride and methanol . The active and passive samplers of the airborne samples were placed alongside in order to observe any differences between them. All samples were analyzed with gas chromatography/flame ionization detector. Comparisons between samplers were analyzed using a paired t-test. Results: The desorption efficiencies were 39% and 96% for CS₂ and the mixture of methylene chloride/methanol, respectively. The airborne concentrations by the passive samplings were lower than those of the active samplings (p < 0.05), but had a moderate correlation. Conclusion: Desorption must be carried out using a mixture of methylene chloride/methanol in EGME and EGMEA samples. Passive sampling should be applied in EGME- and EGMEA-exposed workplaces very carefully because of its possibility of low estimation.
근골격계 유해요인 조사 보고서 검토를 통한 조사 방법 및 제도 개선 방안
김병훈 ( Byoung Hoon Kim ),박지영 ( Ji Young Park ),백경희 ( Kyunghee Baek ),하권철 ( Kwonchul Ha ) 한국산업보건학회 2021 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.31 No.3
Objective: The objective of this study was to suggest improvement methods for investigations and systems through a review of musculoskeletal risk factor investigation reports conducted in the workplace. Methods: A total of 34 reports on musculoskeletal risk factor investigations were reviewed. To confirm the appropriateness of the evaluation, reevaluation was conducted through a field investigation using other evaluation tools. In order to understand the effectiveness of the improvement plan, a survey was conducted with those in charge of tasks with ergonomic burdens. Results: As a result of performing a field survey using the work sampling method recommended by the KOSHA (Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency) for ten tasks, eight tasks were determined to pose an ergonomic burden. When 30 tasks were evaluated with RULA (rapid entire body assessment), 90% of them were evaluated at a higher level than the results of the workplace survey. Among the improvement measures, only 36% of the field workers affirmed them, and in only 19% of the workplaces were actual improvements made. Conclusions: In order to improve the ergonomic investigation system for risk factors in the ergonomic burden task, it is necessary to secure the objectivity of the evaluation performed by the institution and enable the active participation of workers in improvement activities.
곽수영,이기영,김성렬,김성천,양원호,하권철,Guak, Sooyoung,Lee, Kiyoung,Kim, Sungreol,Kim, Sungcheon,Yang, Wonho,Ha, Kwonchul 한국환경보건학회 2015 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.41 No.1
Objectives: This study assessed the impact of the smoke-free law on secondhand smoke exposure in computer game rooms by measuring concentrations of particulate matter smaller than $2.5{\mu}m$($PM_{2.5}$). Methods: Indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were measured in 56 (during the smoke-free guidance period) and 118 computer game rooms (after the law went into effect) in four cities (Seoul, Cheonan, Daegu and Kunsan) in Korea. The number of smokers in the computer game rooms was also counted every five minutes. Results: Although a smoking ban had been implemented nationally, smoking was observed in 47% of the computer game rooms. Smoking density decreased from 1.62 persons per $100m^3$ during the guidance period to 0.32 persons per $100m^3$ after the smoke-free law. There is no statistically significant difference of $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations before and after the smoking ban. The $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was two times higher than the US NAAQS of $35{\mu}g/m^3$. The $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in computer game rooms without smokers was two times higher than the outdoor concentration. Conclusion: The smoke-free law in computer game rooms was complied with, even after the guidance period, in Korea. Indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentration after smoke-free law implementation was high due to this non-compliance. High $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in computer game rooms without smokers might be due to smoking booths. The complete prohibition of smoking in computer game rooms should be implemented to protect patrons from secondhand smoke exposure.
한국의 의료폐기물 발생 및 처리의 공간적 분포에 관한 연구
오세은,이진헌,안호기,김기연,박석환,하권철,지경희,황성호,윤오섭,홍영습,이은일,김판기,이경무,Oh, Se-Eun,Lee, Jinheon,Ahn, Hoki,Kim, Ki-Youn,Park, Seokhwan,Ha, Kwonchul,Ji, Kyunghee,Hwang, Sungho,Yoon, Oh-Sub,Hong, Young-Seoub,Lee, Eunil,Kim, 한국환경보건학회 2015 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.41 No.6
Objectives: In Korea, the system of management of medical waste largely relies on the incineration method. Our study aimed to identify any regional imbalances between the generation and treatment of medical waste, and provide reference data for future policy in Korea. Methods: We analyzed data on the amount of medical waste from 2,000 hospitals in 2012, 2013, and 2014 obtained from the Korea Environment Corporation. In the Arc GIS program (version 10.2.3), the addresses of hospitals and incinerators were transformed into map coordinates. The amount of waste generated by each hospital and the amount incinerated were represented by density and size of a triangle symbol, respectively. Results: As of 2014, the total amount of medical waste from the top 2,000 hospitals was 136,073 tons, out of which about half (49%) was generated in the capital area. Eleven incineration companies (three in the capital area, two in the Chungcheong Provinces area, one in the Jeolla Provinces area, and five in the Gyeongsang Provinces area) treated this waste. For the years 2012, 2013, and 2014, about 60% of the medical waste generated from the hospitals in the capital area was treated within the capital area and about 40% was transported to other areas, especially the Gyeongsang Provinces area, for treatment. On the other hand, about 90% of the medical waste incinerated in the capital area originated from the capital area. Conclusion: Our results suggest a spatial imbalance between the generation and treatment of medical waste in Korea and warrants multilateral policies, including the expansion of on-site treatment, strengthening regulation of the containment of medical wastes, promoting reductions in medical waste and more.