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Ryu, Jong Sang,Kim, Jeong-Il,Kunkel, Tim,Kim, Byung Chul,Cho, Dae Shik,Hong, Sung Hyun,Kim, Seong-Hee,Ferná,ndez, Aurora Piñ,as,Kim, Yumi,Alonso, Jose M.,Ecker, Joseph R.,Nagy, Ferenc,Lim, Elsevier 2005 Cell Vol.120 No.3
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Environmental light information such as quality, intensity, and duration in red (∼660 nm) and far-red (∼730 nm) wavelengths is perceived by phytochrome photoreceptors in plants, critically influencing almost all developmental strategies from germination to flowering. Phytochromes interconvert between red light-absorbing Pr and biologically functional far-red light-absorbing Pfr forms. To ensure optimal photoresponses in plants, the flux of light signal from Pfr-phytochromes should be tightly controlled. Phytochromes are phosphorylated at specific serine residues. We found that a type 5 protein phosphatase (PAPP5) specifically dephosphorylates biologically active Pfr-phytochromes and enhances phytochrome-mediated photoresponses. Depending on the specific serine residues dephosphorylated by PAPP5, phytochrome stability and affinity for a downstream signal transducer, NDPK2, were enhanced. Thus, phytochrome photoreceptors have developed an elaborate biochemical tuning mechanism for modulating the flux of light signal, employing variable phosphorylation states controlled by phosphorylation and PAPP5-mediated dephosphorylation as a mean to control phytochrome stability and affinity for downstream transducers.</P>
William S Compton,Robert A Kunkel People&Global Business Association 2003 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.8 No.1
This paper examines the stock markets of eight European countries for recent evidence of a weekend effect where Monday 's return is significantly less than the rest of the week. We further decompose daily returns into non-trading periods (close-to-open) and trading periods (open-to-close) and test those return series using both parametric and non-parametric tests to address methodological problems identified in earlier studies. While are unable to find a weekend effect in European stock markets. While one major study uncovered a unique twist to the weekend effect in non-trading returns in the U.S. stock market. we find no such unique twist tn the European stock markets.
Morphology of the Esophageal Hiatus: Is It Different in 3 Types of Hiatus Hernias?
( Dushyant Kumar ),( Ali Zifan ),( Gary Ghahremani ),( David C Kunkel ),( Santiago Horgan ),( Ravinder K Mittal ) 대한소화기 기능성질환·운동학회 2020 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.26 No.1
Background/Aims The esophageal hiatus is formed by the right crus of the diaphragm in the majority of subjects. Contraction of the hiatus exerts a sphincter-like action on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The aim is to study the hiatal anatomy (using CT scan imaging) and function (using high-resolution manometry [HRM]), and esophageal motor function in patients with sliding and paraesophageal hiatal hernia. Methods We assessed normal subjects (n = 20), patients with sliding type 1 hernia (n = 18), paraesophageal type 2 hernia (n = 19), and mixed type 3 hernia (n = 19). Hernia diagnosis was confirmed on the upper gastrointestinal series. The hiatal morphology was constructed from the CT scan images. The LES pressure and relaxation, percent peristalsis, bolus pressure, and hiatal squeeze pressure were assessed by HRM. Results The CT images revealed that the esophageal hiatus is formed by the right crus of the diaphragm in all normal subjects and 86% of hernia patients. The hiatus is elliptical in shape with a surface area of 1037 mm<sup>2</sup> in normal subjects. The hiatal dimensions were larger in patients compared to normal subjects. The HRM revealed impaired LES relaxation and higher bolus pressure in patients with paraesophageal compared to the sliding hernia. The hiatal pinch on HRM was recognized in significantly higher number of patients with sliding as compared to paraesophageal hernia. Conclusions Using a novel approach, we provide details of the esophageal hiatus in patients with various kinds of hiatal hernia. Impaired LES relaxation in paraesophageal hernia may play a role in its pathophysiology and genesis of symptoms.