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Phytochemicals from Echinacea and Hypericum: A Direct Synthesis of Isoligularone
Kraus, George A.,Bae, Jaehoon,Kim, Junwon Taylor Francis 2007 Synthetic communications Vol.37 No.8
<P> Reaction of trienes with α,&bgr;-unsaturated aldehydes produces bicyclic products via a tandem Diels-Alder/ene reaction. The adduct from tiglic aldehyde was converted into isoligularone by conversion to a furan followed by benzylic oxidation.</P>
Krause J.W 대한타이어공업협회 1980 타이어 고무 Vol.88 No.-
압출 트레드의 품질을 향상시키기 위하여 가장 적합한 조사방법을 개발하는 동안 특이한 문제를 해결하였다. 여기에 어떻게 이 문제들을 해결하였는가를 설명하고자 한다.
Daniela Krause,Verena B. Kirnich,Theresa M. Stapf,Anika Hennings,Sabine Riemer,Michael Riedel,Ralf Schmidmaier,Francisco Pedrosa Gil,Winfried Rief,Markus J. Schwarz 대한정신약물학회 2019 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.17 No.1
Objective: Previous studies have suggested alterations in the kynurenine pathway as a major link between cytokine and neurotransmitter abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. Most of these studies used a cross-sectional case-control study design. However, knowledge is still lacking regarding the stability over time of kynurenine pathway metabolites and the functionally related cytokines. Therefore, we studied the stability of cytokines and tryptophan (TRP) parameters over a period of 12 weeks. Methods: A total of 117 participants-39 with major depression, 27 with somatoform disorder, and 51 healthy controlswere enrolled. Four evaluations, including blood withdrawal and psychometric testing, were performed over a period of 12 weeks. We used ELISA to measure interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist (RA) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF ). High-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze neurotransmitter variables, i.e. TRP, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), kynurenine (KYN), 3-OH-kynurenine (3-HK), and kynurenic acid (KYNA). Results: We found no significant fluctuations of TRP, its metabolites (5-HIAA, KYN, KYNA, and 3-HK), or the cytokines (IL-1RA, IL-6, and TNF ) in any of the groups over the 12 weeks. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study performed in psychiatric patients to verify the stability and consequently the reliability of the biological parameters we investigated. Our data indicate that TRP metabolites and cytokines are reliable biological parameters in psychiatric research because they do not fluctuate significantly over time.