김교신의 무교회운동 재고: 그 목표와 한계

김용복(박사) ( Yong Bok Kim ) 한국복음주의신학회 2010 성경과신학 Vol.54 No.-

이 연구는 김교신의 무교회운동을 재평가하는 데 목적이 있다. 김교신에게 성서연구는 어떤 의미가 있었는가? 그는 그 연구결과를 자신의 삶에서 어떻게 실천했는가? 이 연구는 이런 질문들에 대한 답을 추구하는 과정에서 김교신의 무교회운동이 지향한 목표와 그 한계점을 살펴보았다.김교신의 무교회운동은 두 가지 목표를 가지고 있었다. 하나는 이 땅에 참된 성서적 기독교를 세우는 일이고, 다른 하나는 신앙적 인간을 양성하여 민족의 운명을 개척하는 것이었다. 김교신이 추구했던 “참된 기독교”는 다른말로 “전적 기독교” 혹은 “조선산(朝鮮産) 기독교”를 구현하는 일이었다. 일반적으로 이 운동의 특징은 세 가지로 평가되어왔다. 첫째, 그것은 반교권운동이었다. 그는 제도화된 교회들의 전통주의와 신조주의를 거부했다. 둘째, 이 운동은 조선산 기독교를 추구했던 반선교사운동이었다. 셋째, 이 운동은 서당식 성서연구와 [성서조선]의 발간을 통한 민중운동이었다. 김교신은 자신의 민족을 사랑했으며, 참된 기독교를 구현하려고 노력했던 헌신적인 그리스도인이었다. 조선산 기독교라 불렸던 그의 신앙운동은 한국교회의 대안운동으로 평가될 수 있을 것이다. 하지만 실천적인 측면에서 볼때, 몇 가지 문제들도 있다: 첫째, 무교회운동은 성서를 선택적으로 받아들였다. 둘째, 무교회운동의 방법은 김교신 자신의 개인적 경험과 성서해석에 크게 의존되어 있었다. 셋째, 김교신의 성서연구는 민중보다 지성인들에게 적합한 것이었다. 넷째, 운동의 지성적 측면을 너무 강조했기 때문에, 김교신은 일제시대에 민중의 실제적인 문제들에 참여하는 일에 소극적인 경향이 있었다. The purpose of this study is to reappraise the non-church[無敎會] movement of Kim Kyo-Shin. What did it mean to study the Bible for Kim? And how did he practice the result of the study in his life? In pursuit of the answers of these questions, the goals of the non-church movement and its limitations will be investigated. Kim’s non-church movement had two goals. The first one was to establish the true biblical Christianity in Chosun, and the other was to pioneer the national destiny by educating the faithful Christian believers. The true Christianity for Kim Kyo-Shin was to realize “total[全的] Christianity” or “Chosunsan(朝鮮産) Christianity” and he pursued these goals by criticizing formalistic and authoritarian Chosun Christianity of his days. In general, the characteristics of this movement have been evaluated from three aspects. First, it was against the existing church’s authoritarianism. He rejected traditionism and creedalism in the institutionalized churches. Second, it was an anti-missionary movement, which sought to establish the Chosunsan Christianity. Third, it was the people’s movement through his “Seodang(書堂) Bible Study” and publication of [Sungseo Chosun] (聖書朝鮮) Kim Kyo-Shin was a devout Christian who deeply loved his country, and tried to establish Chosunsan Christianity. One can easily credit his faith-movement called Chosunsan Christianity as the alternative Christianity in Korea. However, there are some problems in practice: First, the movement was to read the bible in a selective way. Second, the method of the faith-movement depended largely on Kim’s personal experience and biblical interpretation. Third, his Bible study was not oriented for common people but for the intellectual. Fourth, he focused too much on the intellectual aspect of the movement, and thereupon tended to be passive in participating in physical matters of the people during the Japanese regime.

초음파를 이용한 액체내의 공기방울 포획현상에 관한 연구

김용석,이희복,김용복 공주대학교 과학교육연구소 2002 과학교육연구 Vol.33 No.-

본 연구에서는 초음파에 의해 액체 내에서 공기방울을 포획하는 연구를 수행하였다. 초음파 진동자를 최소의 전력으로 구동하여 안정된 공기방울을 포획하기 위해서는 임피던스 매칭이 필요했다. 초음파진동자의 임피던스는 매우 크므로 임피던스 매칭을 위해 고주파 변압기와 인덕터를 제작하였다. 안정된 공기방울은 증류수를 100℃에서 10분간 끓여서 하루동안 서서히 냉각시켜 물속의 산소용존량이 0.3∼0.5㎎/ℓ일 때 포획되었다. 본 장치의 초음파 공진 주파수는 약 26㎑이었다. In this study the bubble captures phenomena by using supersonic transducers were investigated. The operating minimum power for supersonic transducers requires impedance matching for optimal capture of a stabilized bubble. Because the impedance supersonic transducers of was high, we made high frequency transformers and inductor for impedance matching. The stabilized bubble was captured in the distilled water which boiled at 100℃ for 10 minute and then cooled down for a day until the dissolution of oxygen reached at 0.3∼0.5㎎/ℓ In this experiment the frequency of the acoustic resonance appeared at about 26 ㎑.

생체분해성 망막압정을 이용한 망막고정에 대한 실험적 연구

김용백,민병무,김창식,박근성,김승영,길숙종,조항진,이성복,노승무,송규상,강대영,조준식,양준묵,정경수,최선웅,이진호,김학용,인현빈 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.1

Biodegradable retinal fixation devices obtain mechnical fixation of the retina with desirable chorioretinal scarring and with the potential for local, sustained release of antimetabolites and steroids to inhibit proliferative vitreoretinopathy. We manufactured a biodegradable retinal tack with barb that was designed in order to prevent intrusion from implantation of retinal tacks. This study was carried to evaluate the efficacy for retinal fixation and the capability for sustained release of drugs with a newly designed biodegradable retinal tack Biodegradable retinal tacks were made of polymers of glycolic acids and were designed with barbs in a shape to prevent the disinsertion. Biodegradale retinal tacks are divided into 3 parts, a conical portion that is inserted into the sclera, a cylinder portion that remains in the vitreous, and a neck portion between the pin and the cylinder. The tapered conical end was manufactured to allow easy insertion through the retina and choroid into the sclera. A cylinder portion was manufactured with a tapered angle that fixes firmly into the orifice of 19 gauge spinal needle. A neck portion, 0.4 mm in diameter, was designed to prevent disinsertion from following implantation of retinal tack. The applicator was a 19 gauge spinal needle and its orifice was prepared to 15°angle to accept the tapered cylinder portion of the retinal tack. The retinal tacks, secured in the needles, were passed through the formed vitreous and inserted into the retina, choroid, and sclera and were released by pushing the internal needle, usually within 2-3mm of the medullary ray of the posterior rabbit retina A retinal tack was placed in each of 8 pigmented rabbit eyes. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography were performed periodically from 1 day to 8 weeks after surgery. Eight eyes were enucleated and studied by light microscopy at 8 weeks. Biomicroscopic evaluation of the animals revealed edemas adjacent to the retinal surfaces immediately after insertion of the biodegradable retinal tacks in all the animals. These edemas disappeared after 1 week. The first noticeable change in the size of retinal tacks was shown after 2weeks. The size of the retinal tacks gradually got smaller, decreasing to about one-half at 4 weeks and about one-third at 8 weeks. All retinal tacks remained in inserted places without any movement for an 8 week period. On light microscopy, epiretinal proliferations were seen to extend into the vitreous cavity. Cellular capsules that lined the inner aspect of the scleral defect caused by tack insertion were found. However the adjacent retina had a normal cytologic appearance and architecture in all specimens. We manufactured a biodegradable retinal tack that is designed to prevent intrusion from implantation of retinal tacks. All biodegradable retinal tacks reduce in size with time, but no retinal tacks extruded from the inserted place. The newly designed biodegradable retinal tack can be used for retinal fixation and may be used as a vehicle for the introduction of pharmacologic agents to prevent the cellular events that promote proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

생체분해성 고분자를 이용한 사시수술용 제형개발 및 효용성에 대한 연구

민병무,김용백,김승영,김창식,박근성,길숙종,조항진,이성복,노승무,송규상,강대영,조준식,양준묵,정경수,최선웅,이진호,김학용,인현빈 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.1

A new device, muscle clamping system was developed to facilitate exact quatifying technique A strabismus surgery, and reduce the risk of complications. The device is composed of a lower fixing body with three jaws and an upper supporting body. They are used to clip an extraocular muscle and fix it to the sclera with a single bite. Superior rectus recession on 16 rabbit eyes were performed with this new device. Conjunctival injection, muscle adhesion strength, and light microscopic findings were examined at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. The Conjunctival injection were minimal, adhesion power ranged from 420 to 600 gram gravity, which is sufficient in withstand the normal pull of human extraocular muscle. In microscopic exam, some Inflammatory cells and fibrosis were found. The new device was technically easy, fast, and accurate, so it may be useful in stabismus surgery.

經濟成長과 金融資産의 蓄積

金容福 건국대학교 1969 學術誌 Vol.10 No.1

Economic growth, in general, means a progress or growth in real aspect in a nation's economy. In dealing with the economic growth, however, emphasis should be put on the progress in financial aspects of the economy as well as real aspect. That's because, if a increase in income or cumulation of wealth is one hand, a cumulation of financial assets or debuts in the other of the economic growth. Therefore, the profess of the economic growth is that of cumulation of the financial assets. Lack of the financial assets brings about comparative low levels of savings and investment, and in subsequence, weak growth rate of the economy. This then accompanies inadequate distribution of resources and inefficient disposition of investment. Financial assets, as a means of carrying sayings and investment, stimulates efficient distribution of sayings and investment to raise the levels of savings and investment itself. Mediating role of financial assets in smooth transference of sayings, however, can be best taken only when the highly developed stock market exists, where the stock is transacted with rapidity and kept with efficiency and equality. It is for this need that open market comes into operation. Open stock market enhances flexibility of stock prices and make supply and demand for stocks more elastic to its prices, consequently diversifying the functions of the financial intermediaries. It then not only lowers marginal cost of issuance of the financial assets but also increases marginal utility in holdings of financial assets, raising levels of savings and investment, and contribution to efficient distribution of capitals. So far as savings and investment units work seperately, investment naturally should bring about an increase in the financial assets. And because investment, say, cumulation of real assets can only be possible when the economic growth persists, increase in financial assets should be said to be achieved in line with the economic growth. Cumulation of such a large financial assets ha? no leas influence on the efficiency of demand for money and financial policy. While banks intervene directly in money supply, other financial institutions influence on the income velocity of money through purchasing and selling of financial assets with high liquidity. Financial policy of a nation, which has confined to monetary operations, needs to be extended to the control of general liquidity in a nation's economy so as to be able to reach liquidity structure and ether sensible sector. Therefore, it is needed that monetary control through financial policy should cover all the financial institutions. In Korea, development in non-monetary indirect financial assets in still negligible in quantity and the nation's banks themselves, different from those of developed countries, have been operated with mixed banking system. However, it has made remarkable contributions to the rapid economic growth. Although existing policies limited to the control of commercial banks have been able to work well up to now due to the fact that financing business has not been much subdivided, a shift in policy measures will be neccessitated inevitably in the future, when rapid increase in financial assets substitutes money and development of non-monetary financial intermediaries makes those highly competitive with commercial banks in consequence.

初中高等學校 物理實驗의 體系化에 關한 硏究

金容福 공주대학교 사범대학 과학교육연구소 1977 과학교육연구 Vol.9 No.1

For the past 10 years, scientific education has been gradually renovated throughout the world, which made, in Korea, MOE and teacher's colleges have been interest in scientific education, thus operate summer training schools, and reform the traditional curriculum of science education for primary and junior high school, into new ones, through carefully examining tentative plans for science education curriculum. But science education curriculum for senior high school is left as before. In this situation, this study intends to contribute to affording fundamental data for primary and junior high school curriculum for science and to suggesting referential data for newly reforming senior high school cirriculum for physics, by the analysis of the adjustment of exiting primary and secondary school physical experiments.

과학 성취도에 영향을 미치는 전두엽 연합령의 기능에 대한 종단적 연구

김영신,권용주,박윤복,구수정,정완호 한국교원대학교 과학교육연구소 2000 청람과학교육연구논총 Vol.10 No.1

The purpose of this study was to longitudinally analyze influences of functional prefrontal lobe on science achievement in middle school students. In this longitudinal study, 47 students(male 19, female 27) were sampled in local area. The students were administered test of GALT(group assessment of logical thinking), CTST(classroom test of scientific test), FIT(figural intersection test), GEFT(group embedded figural intersection test), TOL(tower of London), WCST(Wisconsin card sorting test) at December 1997 and 1999. It is substitute science achievement for science grade each year. The resulted that prefrontal lobe was influenced upon science achievement. Science achievement statistically significant correlated with functional prefrontal lobe, specially logical thinking level, scientific reasoning, perseveration error. And, the development of functional prefrontal lobe functions did not only linear, but also each function has differ with development speed and period. School science classroom was suited high level students. Who has been grade C and D in first-grade, they did not improved. A first-grade achievement effect on science achievement. And also scientific reasoning ability effect on science achievement.

훗설現象學에서의 意味와 言語

金容福 光云大學校 1988 論文集 Vol.17 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to discuss about the processes which our consciosness approaches to the identical essence from the individual sensuous experiences by the use of language, and the functions of language as the medium of realism and idealism through analysing of the meaning that our language bear. The area of this problem is quite related to the criticism of positivism. The types of positivism with which the present paper is concerned are 'lower' positivism which admits some sort of sensuous experience as the only mode of giveness, and 'higher' positivism which recognises a hierarchy of such modes.

經濟發展과 工業資源

金容福 建國大學校 經濟經營硏究所 1985 商經硏究 Vol.10 No.1

The purpose of this study is to analyze the theoritical aspects of supply and demand for industrial resorces and to find the method for recuring a stable supply of industrial in Korea. In case of Korea the stable condition of supply of industrial raw material has attributed to high rate of economic growth during the period 1962~1972. But the rate of economic growth has been showed between during 1973 and 1983 due to "The 1st and 2nd oil Crisis". It appears that there is a high correlation between the economic growth and the stable resource supply condition. We can find method of securing resources that can contribute to the maintainence of a stable resource supply condition and in turn to ablibiate the disruptive influence caussed by resource nationalism. The main poit of the mathods may be summarized as follows: ˚To adopt gradually resource development import system ˚To reinforce recources foreign relation ˚To enlarge specialists and techniques for resources ˚restructuringindustring industrial organization and economizing the use of domestic natural resources. ˚development of alternative uses of natural resources. ˚To promote of the import of developed foreign resources by economic cooperation These methods of securing resources as outlined in this study will meet the minimum requirement of stablizing the supply of natural recoures in Korea.

현상학적 인간이해(1) : 마음과 몸에 대하여 The relation between Mind and Body

김용복 광운대학교 인문사회과학연구소 1997 인문사회과학논문집 Vol.26 No.-

The purposes of this study are, first, to elucidate a rich phenomenological awareness of body(Leib) and mind(Bewuβtsein) through the mind-body problem in Husserl and, second, to examine the dualism of distinguishing the I or res cogtans from the body or res extensa. Husserl is often read as an idealist or as a dualist with epistemological motivations like those of Descartes. But the result of this study is that Husserl's a phenomenological view of the relation between mind and body is a monism of individuals and pluralism of essences of mind and body across through dualism.