Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Mevalonic acid (MVA) Pathway Genes and Triterpene Accumulation in Panax ginseng

Kim, Yong-Kyoung,Kim, Yeon Bok,Kim, Jae Kwang,Kim, Soo-Un,Park, Sang Un The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2014 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.57 No.3

Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the most important medicinal plants in Asia, and ginseng has attracted considerable attention worldwide. Triterpene saponins (ginsenosides) are the main bioactive compounds in P. ginseng. The isoprene units of triterpene are derived from the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway. We cloned four genes involved in MVA pathway using rapid amplification of cDNA ends by polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, we investigated the transcript levels of 11 genes involved in the terpenoid pathway in different organs and cell suspension cultures of P. ginseng. The full-length cDNA sequences were as follows: PgHMGS (1764 bp; 1407-bp ORF), PgHMGR (1992 bp; 1722-bp ORF), PgPMK (2170 bp; 1530-bp ORF), and PgMVD (1759 bp; 1263-bp ORF). The highest expression level of all genes was found in fine roots. The total ginsenoside contents in different organs were ranked in the following descending order: leaf > fine root > lateral root > red berry > main root > petiole > stem. Campesterol and stigmasterol were detected in all organs but at different concentrations. The total phytosterol content was highest in fine root ($147.8{\mu}g$/100 mg dry weight (DW)), and was lowest in the stem ($86.4{\mu}g$/100 mg DW). Four enzymes in the MVA pathway were cloned and characterized in P. ginseng. Such genes play important roles in terpenoid biosynthesis and may have applications in the metabolic engineering of ginsenoside production.

Stereospecific Biotransformation of Dihydrodaidzein into (3S)-Equol by the Human Intestinal Bacterium Eggerthella Strain Julong 732

Kim, Mihyang,Kim, Su-Il,Han, Jaehong,Wang, Xiu-Ling,Song, Dae-Geun,Kim, Soo-Un American Society for Microbiology 2009 Applied and environmental microbiology Vol.75 No.10

<B>ABSTRACT</B><P>Stereochemical course of isoflavanone dihydrodaidzein (DHD) reduction into the isoflavan (3<I>S</I>)-equol via tetrahydrodaidzein (THD) by the human intestinal anaerobic bacterium <I>Eggerthella</I> strain Julong 732 was studied. THD was synthesized by catalytic hydrogenation, and each stereoisomer was separated by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to elucidate the absolute configurations of four synthetic THD stereoisomers. Rapid racemization of DHD catalyzed by Julong 732 prevented the substrate stereospecificity in the conversion of DHD into THD from being confirmed. The absolute configuration of THD, prepared by reduction of DHD in the cell-free incubation, was assigned as (3<I>R</I>,4<I>S</I>) via comparison of the retention time to that of the authentic THD by chiral chromatography. Dehydroequol (DE) was unable to produce the (3<I>S</I>)-equol both in the cell-free reaction and in the bacterial transformation, negating the possible intermediacy of DE. Finally, the intermediate (3<I>R</I>,4<I>S</I>)-THD was reduced into (3<I>S</I>)-equol by the whole cell, indicating the inversion of stereochemistry at C-3 during the reduction. A possible mechanism accounting for the racemization of DHD and the inversion of configuration of THD during reduction into (3<I>S</I>)-equol is proposed.</P>

Upregulation of Renal Renin-Angiotensin System in Rats with Adriamycin-Induced Nephrosis

Kim, Soo-Wan,Lee, Jong-Un,Han, Sang-Woong,Ryu, Jun-Ho,Oh, Yoon-Wha,Kim, Nam-Ho,Choi, Ki-Chul,Kim, Ho-Jung The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2002 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.6 No.2

The present study was aimed to investigate whether the adriamycin-induced nephrosis is associated with an altered regulation of local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the kidney. Rats were subjected to a single injection of adriamycin (2 mg/kg body weight, IV) and kept for 6 weeks to allow the development of nephrosis. They were then divided into two groups, and supplied with and without cilazapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, in drinking water (100 mg/l) for additional 6 weeks. Another group without adriamycin-treatment served as control. The mRNA expression of renin, ACE, type 1 and type 2 angiotensin II receptors (AT1R, AT2R), and transforming growth factor $(TGF)-{\beta}1$ was determined in the cortex of the kidney by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Adriamycin treatment resulted in heavy proteinuria. Accordingly, the mRNA expression of renin, ACE, and AT1R was increased in the renal cortex, while that of AT2R was decreased. Co-treatment with cilazapril attenuated the degree of proteinuria. While not affecting the altered expression of renin, cilazapril decreased the expression of ACE to the control level. Cilazapril further increased the expression of AT1R, while it restored the decreased expression of AT2R. The expression of $(TGF)-{\beta}1$ was increased by the treatment with adriamycin, which was abolished by cilazapril. An altered expression of local RAS components may be causally related with the development of adriamycin-induced nephrosis, in which AT1R is for and AT2R is against the development of nephrosis.

신장에서 Natriuretic Peptide의 생리 및 병태 생리

Soo Wan Kim,Ki Chul Choi,Jong Un Lee 대한전해질학회 2003 대한전해질대사연구회지 Vol.1 No.1

Two copies of 4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase (CMK) gene in Ginkgo biloba: molecular cloning and functional characterization.

Kim, Sang-Min,Kim, Yeon-Bok,Kuzuyama, Tomohisa,Kim, Soo-Un Springer-Verlag [etc.] 2008 Planta Vol.228 No.6

<P>4-(Cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase (CMK or YchB), the fourth enzyme of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway, phosphorylates the 2-hydroxyl group of 4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol in the presence of ATP. Two isogenes encoding CMK (GbCMK1 and GbCMK2) were cloned and characterized from Ginkgo biloba. The activities of both isozymes were confirmed by complementation assay using Escherichia coli NMW29, a ychB knock-out mutant. The transcript profiles of GbCMKs in the radicles and the cotyledons of the cultured Ginkgo biloba embryos demonstrated that the transcript levels of GbCMK1 were similar in both organs, whereas that of GbCMK2 was predominantly high in the ginkgolide-synthesizing radicles. Selective increases in the transcript abundance of GbCMK2 in the radicles, induced by light and methyl jasmonate treatments, were observed. These differential induction patterns of the transcripts imply GbCMK1 and GbCMK2 respectively have high correlations with the primary and the secondary metabolisms. The transit peptides of both isozymes delivered the fused green fluorescent protein (GFP) into the chloroplast in the Arabidopsis and the Nicotiana transient expression systems; interestingly, the transit peptide of GbCMK1 delivered the GFP protein into the cytosol and the nucleus in addition to the chloroplasts.</P>

Analysis of Integration and Growth Factors for Maritime Industry

Un-Soo Kim,Hwa-Young Kim 한국항해항만학회 2019 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.43 No.2

The maritime industry has emerged as a new growth engine. The municipalities that own the port are trying to add value through the maritime industry. Overseas port cities are also creating maritime industrial clusters to generate profits and strengthen competitiveness. Therefore, it is very important to understand the comparative status of the domestic maritime industry by region. Based on this analysis, it is possible to establish maritime industrial clusters and strategies for integration. This study analyzed the structure of the maritime industry located in Jeollanamdo province, the southwestern part of Korea. Through the analysis of existing literature, the maritime industry was reclassified into 5 major categories, 21 subcategories, and 84 subcategories. Based on the reclassified maritime industry, the analysis of the J eollanamdo province maritime industry was based on applying the location quotient and the shift-share analysis. As a result of analyzing the geographical location of J eollanamdo province, other industries showed the highest value of 2.790, followed by fisheries (2.227), shipbuilding industry (1.164) and marine tourism industry (0.554). The growth effect of the maritime industry in Jeollanamdo province was 35,323 people, and net growth effect excluding national growth effect was 11,945 people. In particular, the net growth effect of the shipbuilding industry was the highest at 11,320, followed by shipping logistics (6,371) and marine tourism (1,529). On the other hand, there was no net growth effect in fisheries. The results of this study can be used as basic data for the construction of the maritime industrial cluster for Jellanamdo province in the future.

Profiling of vitreous proteomes from proliferative diabetic retinopathy and nondiabetic patients

Kim, Taeoh,Kim, Sang Jin,Kim, Kyunggon,Kang, Un-Beom,Lee, Cheolju,Park, Kyong Soo,Yu, Hyeong Gon,Kim, Youngsoo WILEY-VCH 2007 Proteomics Vol. No.

<P>Diabetes can lead to serious microvascular complications like proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), which is the leading cause of blindness in adults. The proteomic changes that occur during PDR cannot be measured in the human retina for ethical reasons, but could be reflected by proteomic changes in vitreous humor. Thus, we considered that comparisons between the proteome profiles of the vitreous humors of PDR and nondiabetic controls could lead to the discovery of novel pathogenic proteins and clinical biomarkers. In this study, the authors used several proteomic methods to comprehensively examine vitreous humor proteomes of PDR patients and nondiabetic controls. These methods included immunoaffinity subtraction (IS)/2-DE/MALDI-MS, nano-LC-MALDI-MS/MS, and nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS. The identified proteins were subjected to the Trans-Proteomic Pipeline validation process. Resultantly, 531 proteins were identified, i.e., 415 and 346 proteins were identified in PDR and nondiabetic control vitreous humor samples, respectively, and of these 531 proteins, 240 were identified for the first time in this study. The PDR vitreous proteome was also found to contain many proteins possibly involved in the pathogenesis of PDR. The proteins described provide the most comprehensive proteome listing in the vitreous humor samples of PDR and nondiabetic control patients.</P>

Reduction-Controlled Viologen in Bisolvent as an Environmentally Stable n-Type Dopant for Carbon Nanotubes

Kim, Soo Min,Jang, Jin Ho,Kim, Ki Kang,Park, Hyeon Ki,Bae, Jung Jun,Yu, Woo Jong,Lee, Il Ha,Kim, Gunn,Loc, Duong Dinh,Kim, Un Jeong,Lee, Eun-Hong,Shin, Hyeon-Jin,Choi, Jae-Young,Lee, Young Hee American Chemical Society 2009 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.131 No.1

<P>Various viologens have been used to control the doping of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) via direct redox reactions. A new method of extracting neutral viologen (V(0)) was introduced using a biphase of toluene and viologen-dissolved water. A reductant of sodium borohydride transferred positively charged viologen (V(2+)) into V(0), where the reduced V(0) was separated into toluene with high separation yield. This separated V(0) solution was dropped on carbon nanotube transistors to investigate the doping effect of CNTs. With a viologen concentration of 3 mM, all the p-type CNT transistors were converted to n-type with improved on/off ratios. This was achieved by donating electrons spontaneously to CNTs from neutral V(0), leaving energetically stable V(2+) on the nanotube surface again. The doped CNTs were stable in water due to the presence of hydrophobic V(0) at the outermost CNT transistors, which may act as a protecting layer to prevent further oxidation from water.</P>

Approach to hospitalized patients with fever and rash: A retrospective analysis of clinicopathologic features

( Soo-kyung Lee ),( Ho-young Kim ),( Jae-ho Lee ),( Myoung-shin Kim ),( Un-ha Lee ) 대한피부과학회 2020 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.72 No.1

Background: Fever and rash are common manifestations in patients; however, assessing them can be challenging because of the wide range of differential diagnosis. Objectives: We aimed to obtain tips that could assist in differential diagnoses in patients with fever and rash through the analysis of clinical features and histological findings. Methods: Medical records of hospitalized patients who had undergone skin biopsy and had fever (≥38.0°C) and skin rash were examined from January 2010 to December 2019. We reviewed the cases for information regarding clinical and histological features. Results: The most common diagnosis was adverse drug reaction (43%), followed by infectious erythema (19%) and autoimmune disease (16%). The group analysis revealed that the patients of the adverse drug reaction group were older (p = 0.024), and they had underlying diseases (p < 0.001), whole body rash (p = 0.018), elevated ALT (p = 0.027), and epidermal exocytosis (p = 0.024). Infectious erythema group was associated with targetoid lesions (p = 0.003) and epidermal atrophy (p = 0.02). The autoimmune disease group was associated with longer total fever and rash duration (p = 0.049, 0.037), leukocytosis (p = 0.015), neutrophilia (p = 0.006), and dyskeratotic keratinocytes in the stratum corneum (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Clinicians should examine patients with fever and rash, considering that there may be various causes. This can be assisted by skin exam, lab test and skin biopsy.

Absolute Configurations of (±)-Glabridin Enantiomers

Kim, Mi-Hyang,Kim, Soo-Un,Kim, Yong-Ung,Han, Jae-Hong Korean Chemical Society 2009 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.30 No.2

Concerned with ambiguous stereochemistry assignment of natural (+)-glabridin, absolute configurations of (${\pm}$)-glabridin enantiomers were studied with synthetic glabridin. Synthetic glabridin enantiomers were separated by semi-preparative Sumi-chiral column chromatography, and characterized by UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy. Three-dimensional molecular structure of glabridin was obtained as equatorial Ph-3 half chair chroman ring from semi-empirical PM3 calculation, and refined by coupling constants in $^1H$ NMR spectrum. Finally, absolute configurations of two enantiomers were determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy based on the empirical helicity rules. Absolute configuration of natural (+)-glabridin was confirmed as (R)-glabridin, as known.