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Kilpatrick, William Heard 이화여자대학교 사범대학 교육학과 1960 교육 연구 Vol.- No.16
교육철학적 관점에서 하나의 교육 방법을 모색 하고저 한다. 심리학의 기본적 원리가 우선 문제되는 것이며 이 원리에 입각해서 본 문제를 해결해야 할 것이다. 성격이란 자연적으로 이루어 지는 것도 아니며 그렇다고 해서 강제적으로 이루어 지는 것도 아니다. 모든 사람은 자기 마음 깊은 곳으로부터 개성을 확립한다. 그러나 타인이 도와주고 지도 하므로서 보다 나은 결과를 기대할 수 있는 것이다.
Numerical Simulation on Disproportionate Collapse of the Tall Glulam Building under Fire Conditions
Zhao, Xuan,Zhang, Binsheng,Kilpatrick, Tony,Sanderson, Iain Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2021 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.10 No.4
Perception of the public to structural fires is very important because there are only a number of tall timber buildings constructed in the world. People are hesitating to accept tall timber buildings, so it is essential to ensure the first generation of tall timber buildings to a very high standard, especially fire safety. Right now, there are no specific design standards or regulations for fire design of tall timber buildings in Europe. Even though heavy timber members have better fire resistance than steel components, many conditions still need to be verified before considering the use of timber materials, e.g. fire spread, post-fire collapse, etc. This research numerically explores the structural behaviours of a tall Glulam building when one of its internal Glulam (Glued laminated timber) columns fails after sustaining a full 120-min standard fire and is removed from the established finite element building model created in SAP2000. The numerical results demonstrate that the failure and removal of the selected internal Glulam column may lead to the local failure of the adjacent CLT (Cross laminated timber) floor slabs, but will not lead to large disproportionate damage and collapse of the whole building. Here, the building is assumed to be located in Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
Spalling of heated high performance concrete due to thermal and hygric gradients
Zhang, Binsheng,Cullen, Martin,Kilpatrick, Tony Techno-Press 2016 Advances in concrete construction Vol.4 No.1
In this study, high performance concrete beams and prisms with high content of PFA were heated to various temperatures up to $450^{\circ}C$ at heating rates of $1^{\circ}C/min$, $3^{\circ}C/min$ and $10^{\circ}C/min$. The thermal gradient was found to increase first with the heating time until a peak value was reached and then decrease until the thermal equilibrium was reached, measured as $115^{\circ}C$, $240^{\circ}C$ and $268^{\circ}C$ for the three heating rates. Spalling occurred on some specimens when the heating temperature was over $400^{\circ}C$ for heating rates of $3^{\circ}C/min$ and $10^{\circ}C/min$. The hygric gradient was found to reach its maximum when the thermal gradient reached its peak. This study indicates that spalling of HPC could happen when the heating temperature was high enough, and both thermal and hygric gradients reached their maxima.
Zhang, Binsheng,Cullen, Martin,Kilpatrick, Tony Techno-Press 2014 Advances in concrete construction Vol.2 No.2
In this study, the fracture toughness $K_{IC}$ of high performance concrete (HPC) was determined by conducting three-point bending tests on eighty notched HPC beams of $500mm{\times}100mm{\times}100mm$ at high temperatures up to $450^{\circ}C$ (hot) and in cooled-down states (cold). When the concrete beams exposed to high temperatures for 16 hours, both thermal and hygric equilibriums were generally achieved. $K_{IC}$ for the hot concrete sustained a monotonic decrease tendency with the increasing temperature, with a sudden drop at $105^{\circ}C$. For the cold concrete, $K_{IC}$ sustained a two-stage decrease trend, dropping slowly with the heating temperature up to $150^{\circ}C$ and rapidly thereafter. The fracture energy-based fracture toughness $K_{IC}$' was found to follow similar decrease trends with the heating temperature. The weight loss, the fracture energy and the modulus of rapture were also evaluated.
Zhang, Binsheng,Cullen, Martin,Kilpatrick, Tony Techno-Press 2017 Advances in concrete construction Vol.5 No.5
In this study, the fracture toughness $K_{IC}$ of high performance concrete (HPC) was investigated by conducting three-point bending tests on a total of 240 notched beams of $500mm{\times}100mm{\times}100mm$ subjected to heating temperatures up to $450^{\circ}C$ with exposure times up to 16 hours and various heating and cooling rates. For a heating rate of $3^{\circ}C/min$, $K_{IC}$ for the hot concrete sustained a monotonic decrease trend with the increasing heating temperature and exposure time, from $1.389MN/m^{1.5}$ at room temperature to $0.942MN/m^{1.5}$ at $450^{\circ}C$ for 4-hour exposure time, $0.906MN/m^{1.5}$ for 8-hour exposure time and $0.866MN/m^{1.5}$ for 16-hour exposure time. For the cold concrete, $K_{IC}$ sustained a two-stage decrease trend, dropping slowly with the heating temperature up to $150^{\circ}C$ and then rapidly down to $0.869MN/m^{1.5}$ at $450^{\circ}C$ for 4-hour exposure time, $0.812MN/m^{1.5}$ for 8-hour exposure time and $0.771MN/m^{1.5}$ for 16-hour exposure time. In general, the $K_{IC}$ values for the hot concrete up to $200^{\circ}C$ were larger than those for the cold concrete, and an inverse trend was observed thereafter. The increase in heating rate slightly decreased $K_{IC}$, and at $450^{\circ}C$ $K_{IC}$ decreased from $0.893MN/m^{1.5}$ for $1^{\circ}C/min$ to $0.839MN/m^{1.5}$ for $10^{\circ}C/min$ for the hot concrete and from $0.792MN/m^{1.5}$ for $1^{\circ}C/min$ to $0.743MN/m^{1.5}$ for $10^{\circ}C/min$ for the cold concrete after an exposure time of 16 hours. The increase in cooling rate also slightly decreased $K_{IC}$, and at $450^{\circ}C$ $K_{IC}$ decreased from $0.771MN/m^{1.5}$ for slow cooling to $0.739MN/m^{1.5}$ for fast cooling after an exposure time of 16 hours. The fracture energy-based fracture toughness $K_{IC}$' was also assessed, and similar decrease trends with the heating temperature and exposure time existed for both hot and cold concretes. The relationships of two fracture toughness parameters with the weight loss and the modulus of rapture were also evaluated.
Analysis of Fire Evacuation Behavior in a Primary School Environment
Lee,Chang-Seop,Kim,Hong,A,Kilpatrick,W,Fitzpatrick 한국화재소방학회 1997 한국화재소방학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1997 No.-
The paper compares the statutory requirements for the design mid construction of primary schools in Korea and Scotland with respect to fire safety and examines the attitudes to, and the behavior in, evacuation scenarios of Primary school Pupils in both countries. The key behavioral issues examined are the effectiveness of fire safety training, the level of teacher dependency, the effect of spatial organization and gender differences both within and between Korea and Scotland.
Astrocyte lesions in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of dogs with congenital ortosystemic shunting
Alun Williams,Adam Gow,Scott Kilpatrick,Mickey Tivers,Vicky Lipscomb,Ken Smith,Michael Oliver Day,Nick Jeffery,Richard John Mellanby 대한수의학회 2020 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.21 No.3
Background: Congenital portosystemic shunt (cPSS) is one of the most common congenital disorders diagnosed in dogs. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent complication in dogs with a cPSS and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite HE been a major cause of morbidity in dogs with a cPSS, little is known about the cellular changes that occur in the central nervous system of dogs with a cPSS. Objectives: The objective of this study was to characterise the histological changes in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of dogs with cPSS with particular emphasis on astrocyte morphology. Methods: Eight dogs with a confirmed cPSS were included in the study. Results: Six dogs had substantial numbers of Alzheimer type II astrocytes and all cases had increased immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein in the cerebral cortex, even if there were minimal other morphological changes. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that dogs with a cPSS have marked cellular changes in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. The cellular changes that occur in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of dogs with spontaneously arising HE are similar to changes which occur in humans with HE, further validating dogs with a cPSS as a good model for human HE.