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이형주,박준택,안일신,김옥근,오혜근 한양대학교 이학기술연구소 2003 이학기술연구지 Vol.6 No.-
패턴의 선폭이 100nm이하로 작아짐에 따라 패턴이 부러지고, 휘고, 떨어져 나가는 현상이 발생하는데 이러한 현상을 패턴 붕괴 현상이라고 하며, 반도체 생산과 수율에 많은 영향을 미친다. 패턴 붕괴 현상은 리소그래피 과정 중 현상 후 세척액을 건조하는 과정에서 주로 발생하며 세척액의 표면장력에 의한 모세관 현상이 주된 원인으로 알려져 있다. 패턴 붕괴 현상을 시뮬레이션하기 위하여 패턴이 세척액에 의해서 균일한 압력을 받을 때와 집중 압력을 받을 때의 역학적 모델을 세우기 각각의 모델을 통하여 선폭과 패턴간의 거리에 따른 임계 높이/선폭비 (aspect ratio) 를 계산하여 실제 실험 결과와 일치하는 모델을 선정하였다. 또한 패턴 내부에 생기는 stress 에 의한 부러짐 현상과 패턴 과 레지스트 패턴 하부 층 사이의 접착력 부족으로 발생하는 떨어짐 현상을 해석하였다. High aspect ratio resist patterns with dimensions below 100 nm often bend, break or tear. These phenomena are generically called "resist pattern collapse". Pattern collapse is a very serious problem in fine patterning of less than 100 nm critical dimension (CD), so that it decreases the yield. In order to mechanically analyze this phenomenon and create its simulator, two models have been made and compared. In this paper, various approaches with various analyses are made to understand pattern collapse. Also, the critical aspect ratio for 100 nm node, that determines whether pattern collapse happens or not, can be calculated with these approaches. Finally, tear type caused by insufficiency of adhesion strength between the substrate and the resist is analyzed with a point of view of the surface free energy.
Exercise Rehabilitation after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Keun Ok An(Keun Ok An) 사피엔시아 2017 Exercise Medicine Vol.1 No.-
OBJECTIVES: Exercise rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has changed dramatically in recent years. In this review, we discuss recent changes in exercise programs related to ACL rehabilitation. METHODS: We conducted a literature review of recently published articles related exercise programs after ACL reconstruction. RESULTS: The accelerated rehabilitation program, which allows patients to achieve full extension of the knee early in the postoperative period, is now a widely practiced rehabilitation program. A prospective study of rehabilitation programs after ACL reconstruction showed that early joint exercises do not interfere with the healing of grafts. Instead, they alleviate pain, thereby reducing the negative impact. Moreover, according to several biomechanical studies, open kinetic chain exercises are potentially disadvantageous to knee stability. There is no evidence that early weight bearing results in weakening of graft distraction or internal fixation compared with delayed weight bearing. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, prevention of ACL injuries and rehabilitative exercise training can help to achieve optimal exercise performance while avoiding the risk of sports-related injury.
Single Pleural Relapse of a Nasal-Type Extranodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report
( Keun Mo Kim ),( Young Min Oh ),( Sung Nam Lim ),( Song Yi Choi ),( Ok Jun Lee ),( Kang Hyeon Choe ),( Ki Man Lee ),( Jin Young An ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2014 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.76 No.4
A nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma is considered an aggressive form of non-Hodgkin`s lymphoma, with approximately half of all patients relapsing during the follow-up period, and most relapses occurring within the first 2 years of remission. Here we report an unusual case of a 42-year-old man who experienced recurrence in single pleura after 8 years of remission.
경직성 뇌성마비로 인한 하지 단마비 환아의 일단계 다수준 수술 후 치료적 운동의 효과
안근옥 ( Keun Ok An ),김아람 ( Ah Ram Kim ),이호성 ( Ho Seong Lee ) 한국운동생리학회 2015 운동과학 Vol.24 No.2
PURPOSE: To determine effects of therapeutic exercise on improving muscle strength and balance in children with spastic lower limb monoplegic cerebral palsy (CP) after single-event multilevel surgery (SEMLS). METHODS: A 7-year-old child with CP after SEMLS of left distal hamstring lengthening, achiles tendon lengthening, and tibialis posterior transfer was enrolled in the study, and presented, crouch gait to the left lower limb due to CP. A therapeutic exercise program was implemented for 8 weeks with a duration of 40 min/d and a frequency of 3 d/week, and the program consisted of ankle joint mobilization, balance exercise, walking up and down stairs, single leg heel raise, and single leg jump. Exercises were performed progressively to an individualized maximum number of repetitions in order to maximize improvements in motor learning and function. Bilateral measurements of calf circumference, ankle joint range of motion (ROM), and one leg standing test (OLS) were taken before and after 8 weeks of therapeutic exercise. RESULTS: Calf circumference on the affected side increased from 23.80 cm to 24.80 cm with, the ratio of affected side to unaffected side that improved from 94.07% to 95.75%. Ankle dorsiflexion ROM with the knee flexed on the affected side increased from 12.90° to 17.30° with the improved, ratio from 75.00% to 98.30%. Similarly, ankle dorsiflexion ROM with knee extended increased from 12.00° to 17.80° with the increased, ratio from 70.18% to 93.19%. OLS with eyes open on the affected side increased from 1.46 sec to 10.66 sec with the substantially increased, ratio from 7.68% to 57.87%. OLS with eye closed of the affected side was increased from 0.73 sec to 1.60 sec, and ratio of affected side to unaffected side was improved from 8.96% to 18.54%. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that therapeutic exercise decreases contraction and improve muscle strength and balance in children with spastic lower limb monoplegic cerebral palsy after SEMLS.
최대운동 판단 기준으로서 호흡교환율, 혈중젖산농도, 자각인지도의 성차
안근옥 ( An Keun-ok ) 대한체육학회 2016 대한스포츠융합학회지 (jcses) Vol.14 No.1
The purpose of this study was to test the validity of determination of the level of respiratory exchange ratio(RER), concentration of blood lactate(CBL) and Ratings of Perceived Exertion(RPE) as criterion for verification of maximal exercise. The sub jects were 11 college males and 11 college females who were healthy and voluntarily participated in maximal treadmill exercise by Bruce protocol. Cardio-respiratory variables were continuously measured every 20 sec by metabolic analyser(Vmax229, Sensor Medics, U.S.A) from resting level before exercise to the post exercise of 5 min. Concentrations of lactate in the blood sampled by finger tips were tested by lactate analyzer(YSI 1500, U.S.A) in every last 20 sec of 3 min exercise stages, immediately after maximal exercise, and at each 3 and 5 min in the post maximal exercise with RPE being requested to answer at the same time. The main criterion of maximal exercise adopted in this study was to find a plateau in heart rate and oxygen uptake with increased workload for at least 20-50 sec breath by breath. Findings of this study were as follows. First, there was non-significant sex difference in RER in the maximal exercise and in the recovery period of 5 min between male and female groups. Mean RER in the maximal exercise were 1.14 (males: 1.11±0.07 / females: 1.17±0.06). Second, although there was non-significant sex difference in CBL immediately after the maximal exercise between male(7.99±1.78 mM/L) and female(7.20±2.62 mM/L) groups, it was founded that there was significant sex difference of CBL in the post exercise of 3 and 5 min after maximal exercise between two groups. And the effect of interaction of groups and blood sampling times from maximal exercise to the recovery period was significant. Although CBL in the post of exercise testing has been observed frequently to verifying maximal exercise performed, it was suggested that CBL was rejected as criterion for verification of maximal exercise in generalization because of sex difference with variation of blood sampling times, etc. Third, there was also non-significant sex difference of RPE in the maximal exercise and in the recovery period of 5 min between male and female groups. Mean RPE in the maximal exercise were 19(males: 19.00±0.00 / females: 18.73±0.47). It was concluded that values of RER and RPE were appreciated to find the symptom of maximal exercise.