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Real-Time, in Situ Monitoring of the Oxidation of Graphite: Lessons Learned
Morimoto, Naoki,Suzuki, Hideyuki,Takeuchi, Yasuo,Kawaguchi, Shogo,Kunisu, Masahiro,Bielawski, Christopher W.,Nishina, Yuta American Chemical Society 2017 Chemistry of materials Vol.29 No.5
<P>Graphite oxide (GO) and its constituent layers (i.e., graphene oxide) display a broad range of functional groups and, as such, have attracted significant attention for use in numerous applications. GO is commonly prepared using the 'Hummers method' or a variant thereof in which graphite is treated with KMnO4 and various additives in H2SO4. Despite its omnipresence, the underlying chemistry of such oxidation reactions is not well understood and typically affords results that are irreproducible and, in some cases, unsafe. To overcome these limitations, the oxidation of graphite under Hummers-type conditions was monitored over time using in situ X-ray diffraction and in situ X-ray absorption near edge structure analyses with synchrotron radiation. In conjunction with other atomic absorption spectroscopy, UV vis spectroscopy and elemental analysis measurements, the underlying mechanism of the oxidation reaction was elucidated, and the reaction conditions were optimized. Ultimately, the methodology for reproducibly preparing GO on large scales using only graphite, H2SO4 and KMnO4 was developed and successfully adapted for use in continuous flow systems.</P>
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( Takato Maeda ),( Hirotake Sakuraba ),( Hiroto Hiraga ),( Shukuko Yoshida ),( Yoichi Kakuta ),( Hidezumi Kikuchi ),( Shogo Kawaguchi ),( Keisuke Hasui ),( Tetsuya Tatsuta ),( Daisuke Chinda ),( Tatsu 대한장연구학회 2022 Intestinal Research Vol.20 No.1
Background/Aims: Thiopurines are key drugs for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Recently, NUDT15 polymorphism (R139C, c.415C>T) has been shown to be associated with thiopurine-induced adverse events in Asian populations. In patients with the C/T genotype, low-dose thiopurine treatment is recom mended, but its long-term efficacy and tolerability remain unclear. This study aimed to uncover the long-term efficacy and ap propriate dosage of thiopurine for IBD patients with the C/T genotype. Methods: A total of 210 patients with IBD (103 UC and 107 CD) determined to have NUDT15 R139C variants were enrolled. Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed from medical records. Results: Of 46 patients (21.9%) with the C/T genotype, 30 patients (65.2%) were treated with thiopurines. Three of whom (10.0%) discontinued thiopurine treatment due to adverse events and 27 of whom continued. The median maintenance dosage of 6-mercaptopurine was 0.25 mg/kg/day (range, 0.19-0.36 mg/kg/day), and 6-thioguanine nucleotides level was 230 (104-298) pmol/8×10<sup>8</sup> red blood cells. Cumulative thiopurine continuation rates for 120 months for patients with the C/C and C/T genotypes were not significantly different (P=0.895). Cumulative non-relapse rates in the patients with UC treated with thiopurine monotherapy and surgery-free rates in CD patients treated with combination therapy (thiopurines and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents) for maintenance remission were not significantly different at 60 months (C/C vs. C/T, P=0.339 and P=0.422, respectively). Conclusions: Low-dose thiopurine treatment is an effective and acceptable treatment for patients with C/T genotype. (Intest Res 2022;20:90-100)
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