Fully Transparent Non‐volatile Memory Thin‐Film Transistors Using an Organic Ferroelectric and Oxide Semiconductor Below 200 °C

Yoon, Sung&#x2010,Min,Yang, Shinhyuk,Byun, Chunwon,Park, Sang&#x2010,Hee K.,Cho, Doo&#x2010,Hee,Jung, Soon‐,Won,Kwon, Oh&#x2010,Sang,Hwang, Chi&#x2010,Sun WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2010 Advanced Functional Materials Vol.20 No.6

<P><B>Abstract</B></P>10.1002/adfm.200902095.abs<P>A fully transparent non‐volatile memory thin‐film transistor (T‐MTFT) is demonstrated. The gate stack is composed of organic ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF‐TrFE)] and oxide semiconducting Al‐Zn‐Sn‐O (AZTO) layers, in which thin Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> is introduced between two layers. All the fabrication processes are performed below 200 °C on the glass substrate. The transmittance of the fabricated device was more than 90% at the wavelength of 550 nm. The memory window obtained in the T‐MTFT was 7.5 V with a gate voltage sweep of −10 to 10 V, and it was still 1.8 V even with a lower voltage sweep of −6 to 6 V. The field‐effect mobility, subthreshold swing, on/off ratio, and gate leakage currents were obtained to be 32.2 cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>, 0.45 V decade<SUP>−1</SUP>, 10<SUP>8</SUP>, and 10<SUP>−13</SUP> A, respectively. All these characteristics correspond to the best performances among all types of non‐volatile memory transistors reported so far, although the programming speed and retention time should be more improved.</P>

(π‐Allyl)Pd Complexes Containing N‐Heterocyclic Carbene and Pseudohalogen Ligands – Synthesis, Reactivity toward Organic Isothiocyanates and Isocyanides, and Their Catalytic Activity in Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Couplings

Kim, Hyun&#x2010,Kyung,Lee, Jung&#x2010,Hyun,Kim, Yong&#x2010,Joo,Nu Zheng, Zhen,Lee, Soon W. WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2013 European journal of inorganic chemistry Vol.2013 No.28

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Dinuclear (π‐allyl)palladium chlorides, [(π‐allyl)Pd(μ‐Cl)]<SUB>2</SUB>, were cleaved by N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to give mononuclear (π‐allyl)palladium–NHC chlorides, [(π‐allyl)Pd(Cl)(NHC)] (<B>1</B>–<B>6</B>) [NHC = 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene (IPR), 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐ylidine (SIPR), 1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene (IMes)]. Complexes <B>1</B>–<B>6</B> were subsequently treated with aqueous NaN<SUB>3</SUB>, KSCN, KOCN, and CF<SUB>3</SUB>COOAg to produce the corresponding mononuclear (π‐allyl)palladium–NHC pseudohalogen complexes, [(π‐allyl)Pd(X)(NHC)] (X = N<SUB>3</SUB>, NCS, SCN, NCO, CF<SUB>3</SUB>COO) (<B>7</B>–<B>30</B>). These products could also be obtained by treating dinuclear pseudohalogen‐bridged Pd complexes, [(π‐allyl)Pd(μ‐X)]<SUB>2</SUB>, which were prepared by replacing the μ‐Cl ligand in [(π‐allyl)Pd(μ‐Cl)]<SUB>2</SUB>, with aqueous NaN<SUB>3</SUB>, KSCN, KOCN, or CF<SUB>3</SUB>COOAg, followed by cleavage with the NHCs. Reactions of [(π‐allyl)Pd(N<SUB>3</SUB>)(NHC)] with organic isothiocyanates (R–NCS) or CH<SUB>3</SUB>O(CO)C≡CO(CO)CH<SUB>3</SUB> resulted in selective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition into the Pd–azido bond to give heterocyclic compounds. By contrast, analogous reactions of [(η<SUP>3</SUP>‐allyl)Pd(N<SUB>3</SUB>)(IPr)] with an organic isocyanide (R–NC: R = <I>tert</I>‐butyl, benzyl) gave the adduct [(η<SUP>3</SUP>‐allyl)Pd(N<SUB>3</SUB>)(IPr)]<B>·</B>(R–NC) as the only product or a mixture of the adduct and a dipolar cycloaddition product, [(η<SUP>3</SUP>‐allyl)Pd{CN<SUB>4</SUB>(R)}(IPr)], depending on the isocyanides used. Finally, a series of (π‐allyl)Pd–NHC pseudohalogen complexes, [(π‐allyl)Pd(X)(NHC)], exhibited high catalytic activity in Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions of aryl chlorides with arylboronic acids.</P>

Trend analysis of diabetic prevalence and incidence in a rural area of South Korea between 2003–2008

Jeong, Ji Yun,Kim, Jung&#x2010,Guk,Kim, Bo&#x2010,Wan,Moon, Seong Su,Kim, Hye&#x2010,Soon,Park, Keun&#x2010,Gyu,Won, Kyu Chang,Lee, Hyoung Woo,Yoon, Ji Sung,Shon, Ho&#x2010,Sang,Lee, Ji Hyun,Jung, Eui Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 Journal of diabetes investigation Vol.1 No.5

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>Aims/Introduction: </B> This study determined the change in prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes over a period of 5 years in South Korea. The incidence of diabetes and prediabetes and risk factors associated with the development of diabetes were also investigated.</P><P><B>Materials and Methods: </B> The Dalseong population‐based cohort survey recruited 1806 subjects who were over 20‐years‐old in 2003. Five years later, 1287 of the original subjects were re‐evaluated and 187 new subjects were added to the study. All participants completed a questionnaire, were given a physical examination, and provided blood samples for analysis including 2 h oral glucose tolerances.</P><P><B>Results: </B> Age‐adjusted prevalence of diabetes rose from 6.7% in 2003 to 9.1% in 2008. The prevalence of prediabetes also increased from 18.5% in 2003 to 28.4% in 2008. The incidence rates of diabetes and prediabetes were 18.3 per 1000 person‐years and 55.4 per 1000 person‐years, respectively. The development of diabetes was associated with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (odds ratio [OR] 5.661), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (OR: 6.013), age (OR 1.013), and waist‐to‐hip ratio (OR 1.513). After excluding the IFG and IGT, systolic blood pressure (OR 1.023), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP; OR 1.097), triglyceride (OR 1.002) and waist‐to‐hip ratio (OR 1.696) were statistically significant risk factors in a multivariate logistic regression analysis.</P><P><B>Conclusions: </B> A significant rise in the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes was observed between 2003 and 2008. In addition, this study newly demonstrated that waist‐to‐hip ratio and hsCRP were associated with the development of diabetes after adjusting for several confounding factors. <B>(J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00045.x, 2010)</B></P>

Association of polymorphisms in genes encoding IL‐4, IL‐13 and their receptors with atopic dermatitis in a Korean population

Namkung, Jung&#x2010,Hyun,Lee, Jong&#x2010,Eun,Kim, Eugene,Kim, Hyun&#x2010,Je,Seo, Eun&#x2010,Young,Jang, Hye&#x2010,Yoon,Shin, Eun&#x2010,Soon,Cho, Eun&#x2010,Young,Yang, Jun‐,Mo Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Experimental dermatology Vol.20 No.11

<P><B>Abstract: </B> Th2‐dominated immune responses are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). IL‐4 and IL‐13 are typical pleiotropic Th2 cytokines that play a central role in IgE‐dependent inflammatory reactions. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL‐4 and IL‐13 have been reported in patients with allergic disease from numerous countries. Gene–gene interactions among genes have been identified in patients with asthma, although negative results have been reported. To investigate the associations of SNPs in these genes and the interactions between these genes in AD, we genotyped 23 SNPs of the IL‐4, IL‐13, IL‐4R, IL‐13Rα1 and IL‐13Rα2 genes for 1089 case‐control samples (631 AD patients and 458 controls) and analysed the SNPs and haplotypes in these genes. We also searched for gene–gene interactions among these five genes. Our data identified an association between rs3091307 and rs20541 in the IL‐13 gene and between rs2265753 and rs2254672 in the IL‐13Rα1 gene and the AD phenotype. In particular, three of the four SNPs were especially predictive of the allergic type of AD (ADe), and the haplotype TCGG in the IL‐13Rα1 gene showed significant association with AD, especially ADe. Furthermore, the combination of rs3091307 GG/ rs2265753 GG (IL‐13/IL‐13Rα1) conveyed a significantly higher risk for developing ADe. However, we did not identify any SNPs in the IL‐4, IL‐4R and IL‐13Rα2 genes that were associated with AD. As IL‐13Rα1 is most likely expressed in Th17 cells rather than in Th2 cells, these data suggest diversity in the classification of Th cells that needs to be verified in future studies.</P>

Organic Complementary Circuits: Remarkable Enhancement of Hole Transport in Top‐Gated N‐Type Polymer Field‐Effect Transistors by a High‐k Dielectric for Ambipolar Electronic Circuits (Adv. Mater. 40/2012)

Baeg, Kang&#x2010,Jun,Khim, Dongyoon,Jung, Soon‐,Won,Kang, Minji,You, In&#x2010,Kyu,Kim, Dong&#x2010,Yu,Facchetti, Antonio,Noh, Yong&#x2010,Young WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2012 Advanced Materials Vol.24 No.40

<P>On page 5433, Yong‐Young Noh, Antonio Facchetti, Kang‐Jun Baeg, and co‐workers report that high performance ambipolar complementary inverters and ring oscillators are provided by a remarkable enhancement of both hole injection and transport for n‐channel dominant N2200 OFETs. The significant enhancement of hole mobility in N2200 OTFTs is attributed to the strong dipoles in fluorinated high‐k gate dielectric blend of P(VDF‐TrFE):PMMA. </P>

Remarkable Enhancement of Hole Transport in Top‐Gated N‐Type Polymer Field‐Effect Transistors by a High‐k Dielectric for Ambipolar Electronic Circuits

Baeg, Kang&#x2010,Jun,Khim, Dongyoon,Jung, Soon‐,Won,Kang, Minji,You, In&#x2010,Kyu,Kim, Dong&#x2010,Yu,Facchetti, Antonio,Noh, Yong&#x2010,Young WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2012 ADVANCED MATERIALS Vol.24 No.40

<P><B>A remarkable enhancement of p‐channel properties</B> is achieved in initially n‐channel dominant ambipolar P(NDI2OD‐T2) organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) by the use of the fluorinated high‐k dielectric P(VDF‐TrFE). An almost two orders of magnitude increase in hole mobility (∼0.11 cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>) originates from a strong interface modification at the semiconductor/dielectric interface, which provides high‐performance complementary‐like inverters and ring oscillator circuits.</P>

Characterization of the centromere and peri‐centromere retrotransposons in <i>Brassica rapa</i> and their distribution in related <i>Brassica</i> species

Lim, Ki&#x2010,Byung,Yang, Tae&#x2010,Jin,Hwang, Yoon&#x2010,Jung,Kim, Jung Sun,Park, Jee&#x2010,Young,Kwon, Soo&#x2010,Jin,Kim, JinA,Choi, Beom&#x2010,Soon,Lim, Myung&#x2010,Ho,Jin, Mina,Kim, Ho&#x20 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2007 The Plant journal Vol.49 No.2

<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>We report the identification and characterization of the major repeats in the centromeric and peri‐centromeric heterochromatin of <I>Brassica rapa.</I> The analysis involved the characterization of 88 629 bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) end sequences and the complete sequences of two BAC clones. We identified centromere‐specific retrotransposons of <I>Brassica</I> (CRB) and various peri‐centromere‐specific retrotransposons (PCRBr). Three copies of the CRB were identified in one BAC clone as nested insertions within a tandem array of 24 copies of a 176 bp centromeric repeat, CentBr. A complex mosaic structure consisting of nine PCRBr elements and large blocks of 238 bp degenerate tandem repeats (TR238) were found in or near a derivative of 5S–25S rDNA sequences. The chromosomal positions of selected repeats were determined using <I>in situ</I> hybridization. These revealed that CRB is a major component of all centromeres in three diploid <I>Brassica</I> species and their allotetraploid relatives. However, CentBr was not detected in the most distantly related of the diploid species analyzed, <I>B. nigra</I>. PCRBr and TR238 were found to be major components in the peri‐centromeric heterochromatin blocks of four chromosomes of <I>B. rapa.</I> These repetitive elements were not identified in <I>B. oleracea</I> or <I>B. nigra</I>, indicating that they are A‐genome‐specific.</P>

Role of CXCR2 in the Ac‐PGP‐Induced Mobilization of Circulating Angiogenic Cells and its Therapeutic Implications

Kwon, Yang Woo,Lee, Seung Jun,Heo, Soon Chul,Lee, Tae Wook,Park, Gyu Tae,Yoon, Jung Won,Kim, Seung&#x2010,Chul,Shin, Ho Jin,Lee, Sang Chul,Kim, Jae Ho unknown 2018 Stem cells translational medicine Vol.8 No.3

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) have been implicated in the repair of ischemic tissues, and their mobilization from bone marrow is known to be regulated by the activations of chemokine receptors, including CXCR2 and CXCR4. This study was conducted to investigate the role of N‐acetylated proline‐glycine‐proline (Ac‐PGP; a collagen‐derived chemotactic tripeptide) on CAC mobilization and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of peripheral artery diseases. Ac‐PGP was administered daily to a murine hind limb ischemia model, and the effects of Ac‐PGP on blood perfusion and CAC mobilization (Sca1<SUP>+</SUP>Flk1<SUP>+</SUP> cells) into peripheral blood were assessed. Intramuscular administration of Ac‐PGP significantly improved ischemic limb perfusion and increased limb salvage rate by increasing blood vessel formation, whereas Ac‐PGP‐induced blood perfusion and angiogenesis in ischemic limbs were not observed in CXCR2‐knockout mice. In addition, Ac‐PGP‐induced CAC mobilization was found to occur in wild‐type mice but not in CXCR2‐knockout mice. Transplantation of bone marrow from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice to wild‐type mice showed bone marrow‐derived cells homed to ischemic limbs after Ac‐PGP administration and that GFP‐positive cells contributed to the formation of ILB4‐positive capillaries and α smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA)‐positive arteries. These results suggest CXCR2 activation in bone marrow after Ac‐PGP administration improves blood perfusion and reduces tissue necrosis by inducing CAC mobilization. These findings suggest a new pharmaceutical basis for the treatment of critical limb ischemia. <SMALL>STEM CELLS TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE</SMALL><I>2019;8:236&246</I></P>

Molecular alterations underlying epileptogenesis after prolonged febrile seizure and modulation by erythropoietin

Jung, Keun&#x2010,Hwa,Chu, Kon,Lee, Soon‐,Tae,Park, Kyung&#x2010,IL,Kim, Jin&#x2010,Hee,Kang, Kyung&#x2010,Muk,Kim, Soyun,Jeon, Daejong,Kim, Manho,Lee, Sang Kun,Roh, Jae&#x2010,Kyu Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Epilepsia Vol.52 No.3

<P><B>Summary</B></P><P><B>Purpose: </B> Children who experience complex febrile seizures are at a higher risk of subsequent epileptic episodes, and they may require therapy. This issue can be resolved by interventional studies using molecular targets identified and defined in animal models. In the current study, the molecular changes in the rat brain after febrile seizures were examined throughout the latent period, and erythropoietin was administered as a potentially antiepileptogenic intervention.</P><P><B>Methods: </B> The changes in the expressions of genes that were differentially regulated during the latent period after febrile seizures were categorized into the following four patterns: (1) continuously high (CH); (2) continuously low (CL); (3) rise and fall (RF); and (4) going‐up (GU). Erythropoietin was administered immediately after seizure cessation and then once daily for at most 7 days, and spontaneous recurrent seizures and cellular and molecular changes were investigated.</P><P><B>Key Findings: </B> The CH genes were associated with cell cycle and adhesion, whereas the CL genes were related to energy metabolism. Within the category of RF, the largest changes were for genes involved in inflammation, apoptosis, and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling. The GU category included genes involved in ion transport and synaptogenesis. Along with an early rise in inflammatory genes, there were substantial increases in brain edema and activated microglia during the early latent period. Erythropoietin reduced the early inflammatory responses and modulated the molecular alterations after febrile seizures, thereby reducing the risk of subsequent spontaneous seizures.</P><P><B>Significance: </B> Erythropoietin treatment may provide a new strategy for preventing epilepsy in susceptible individuals with atypical febrile seizures.</P>

Expression analysis and functional characterization of the monosaccharide transporters, <i>OsTMTs</i>, involving vacuolar sugar transport in rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>)

Cho, Jung&#x2010,Il,Burla, Bo,Lee, Dae&#x2010,Woo,Ryoo, Nayeon,Hong, Soon‐,Kwan,Kim, Hyun&#x2010,Bi,Eom, Joon&#x2010,Seob,Choi, Sang&#x2010,Bong,Cho, Man&#x2010,Ho,Bhoo, Seong Hee,Hahn, Tae&#x20 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 The New phytologist Vol.186 No.3

<P><B>Summary</B></P><P><P>In Arabidopsis, the compartmentation of sugars into vacuoles is known to be facilitated by sugar transporters. However, vacuolar sugar transporters have not been studied in detail in other plant species.</P><P>To characterize the rice (<I>Oryza sativa</I>) tonoplast monosaccharide transporters, <I>OsTMT1</I> and <I>OsTMT2</I>, we analysed their subcellular localization using green fluorescent protein (GFP) and expression patterns using reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), performed histochemical β‐glucuronidase (GUS) assay and <I>in situ</I> hybridization analysis, and assessed sugar transport ability using isolated vacuoles.</P><P>Expression of OsTMT–GFP fusion protein in rice and Arabidopsis revealed that the OsTMTs localize at the tonoplast. Analyses of <I>OsTMT</I> promoter‐<I>GUS</I> transgenic rice indicated that <I>OsTMT1</I> and <I>OsTMT2</I> are highly expressed in bundle sheath cells, and in vascular parenchyma and companion cells in leaves, respectively. Both genes were found to be preferentially expressed in the vascular tissues of roots, the palea/lemma of spikelets, and in the main vascular tissues and nucellar projections on the dorsal side of the seed coats. Glucose uptake studies using vacuoles isolated from transgenic mutant Arabidopsis (<I>tmt1‐2‐3</I>) expressing <I>OsTMT1</I> demonstrated that OsTMTs are capable of transporting glucose into vacuoles.</P><P>Based on expression analysis and functional characterization, our present findings suggest that the <I>OsTMTs</I> play a role in vacuolar glucose storage in rice.</P></P>