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Ramos, Ana A.,Polle, Jurgen,Tran, Duc,Cushman, John C.,Jin, Eon-Seon,Varela, Joao C. The Korean Society of Phycology 2011 ALGAE Vol.26 No.1
The physiology of the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina in response to abiotic stress has been studied for several decades. Early D. salina research focused on its remarkable salinity tolerance and ability, upon exposure to various abiotic stresses, to accumulate high concentrations of $\beta$-carotene and other carotenoid pigments valued highly as nutraceuticals. The simple life cycle and growth requirements of D. salina make this organism one of the large-scale commercially exploited microalgae for natural carotenoids. Recent advances in genomics and proteomics now allow investigation of abiotic stress responses at the molecular level. Detailed knowledge of isoprenoid biosynthesis mechanisms and the development of molecular tools and techniques for D. salina will allow the improvement of physiological characteristics of algal strains and the use of transgenic algae in bioreactors. Here we review D. salina isoprenoid and carotenoid biosynthesis regulation, and also the biotechnological and genetic transformation procedures developed for this alga that set the stage for its future use as a production system.
Ana A. Ramos,Jürgen Polle,Duc Tran,John C. Cushman,EONSEON JIN,João C. Varela 한국조류학회I 2011 ALGAE Vol.26 No.1
The physiology of the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina in response to abiotic stress has been studied for several decades. Early D. salina research focused on its remarkable salinity tolerance and ability, upon exposure to various abiotic stresses, to accumulate high concentrations of β-carotene and other carotenoid pigments valued highly as nutraceuticals. The simple life cycle and growth requirements of D. salina make this organism one of the large-scale commercially exploited microalgae for natural carotenoids. Recent advances in genomics and proteomics now allow investigation of abiotic stress responses at the molecular level. Detailed knowledge of isoprenoid biosynthesis mechanisms and the development of molecular tools and techniques for D. salina will allow the improvement of physiological characteristics of algal strains and the use of transgenic algae in bioreactors. Here we review D. salina isoprenoid and carotenoid biosynthesis regulation, and also the biotechnological and genetic transformation procedures developed for this alga that set the stage for its future use as a production system.
Lim, Sung D.,Kim, Su‐,Hwa,Gilroy, Simon,Cushman, John C.,Choi, Won‐,Gyu Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2019 Physiologia plantarum Vol.165 No.2
<P>While the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through spontaneous generation or as the by‐products of aerobic metabolism can be toxic to plants, recent findings demonstrate that ROS act as signaling molecules that play a critical role in adapting to various stress conditions. Tight regulation of ROS homeostasis is required to adapt to stress and survive, yet in vivo spatiotemporal information of ROS dynamics are still largely undefined. In order to understand the dynamics of ROS changes and their biological function in adapting to stresses, two quantitative ROS transcription‐based bioreporters were developed. These reporters use ROS‐responsive promoters from <I>RBOHD</I> or <I>ZAT12</I> to drive green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression. The resulting GFP expression is compared to a constitutively expressed mCherry that is contained on the same cassette with the ROS‐responsive promoter: This allows for the generation of ratiometric images comparing ROS changes (GFP) to the constitutively expressed mCherry. Both reporters were used to assess ROS levels to oxidative stress, salt stress, and the pathogen defense elicitor flg22. These bioreporters showed increases in the ratio values of GFP to mCherry signals between 10 and 30 min poststress application. Such stress‐associated ROS signals correlated with the induction of abiotic/biotic stress responsive markers such as <I>RbohD</I>, <I>ZAT12</I>, <I>SOS2</I> and <I>PR5</I> suggesting these ROS bioreporters provide a robust indicator of increased ROS related to stress responses. Based upon the spatiotemporal response patterns of signal increase, <I>ZAT12</I> promoter‐dependent ROS (Zat12p‐ROS) bioreporter appears to be suitable for cellular mapping of ROS changes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses.</P>