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Jo Qtae,Moon Hyo Bang,Cho Yong Chul,Kim Kwang Soo,Choy Eun Jung,Ko Sung Chung,Song Young Chae The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2005 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.8 No.1
This is a subsequent study to our previous finding that Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, gained a so-called upper plateau concentration, around 30,000 ng/g dry weight digestive gland for benzo(a)pyrene, showed reproductive behavior but produced their ensuing reproductive outputs damaged. A serial dilution of sediment elutriates from Jinhae Bay, Korea, where pollution was progressive, were exposed to gametes of the Pacific oyster for 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min to detail the pollutant effects on very young specimens. There was an apparent critical dilution over which adverse effects are evident. This was $10\%$ of the present sediment elutriate, corresponding to 0.3 ng/g on the basis of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the oyster. Within the dilution the embryonic development was not influenced by the duration of exposure to its gamete stage. At higher dilutions over the critical dilution, occurrence of abnormality increased dependent on the pollutant dilution and the duration of exposure. Similar trends were also found in larval mortality. However, overall, the chemical toxicity was more significant to morphogenesis than to survival, suggesting a potential recruitment of the pollutants-induced abnormal larvae in the wild population to threaten the population integrity.
Jo, Qtae,Choy, Eun-Jung,Lee, Yong-Hwa,Ko, Sung-Jung,Song, Young-Chae,Kim, Myoung-Jin,Hwang, Eung-Ju The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2006 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.9 No.4
We measured activities of the ubiquitous tripeptide non-protein thiol (L-${\gamma}$-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine), glutathione (GSH), which is believed to playa fundamental role in detoxifying xenobiotics in biological systems, as a metabolic biomarker for benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene and Aroclor 1254 exposure in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Reproductive oysters were exposed to the pollutants for 50 days by the algal vectoring method in which the oysters were fed with concentrated standard algal foods grown in culture media containing Aroclor 1254 (0, 5, 50, 500 ng/g) or benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene (0, 10, 100, 1,000 ng/g). Both pollutants induced maternal GSH activities in 10 days in a dosage-dependent manner (p<0.05), although Aroclor 1254 was stronger. The pollutant-driven GSH elevation persisted for 20 to 30 days depending on the pollutants and concentrations. Thereafter, a drastic decline in the GSH activity was observed due to metabolic failure, after which the oyster GSH remained at low levels throughout the remainder of the experiment. The pollutant exposures influenced maternal reproductive output in terms of fertilization, hatching, and morphology. These results imply that changes in activity of the GST-catalyzing molecule can be used as an oyster biomarker for Aroclor 1254 and benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene exposure.
Potential Influence of Climate Change on Shellfish Aquaculture System in the Temperate Region
Jo, Qtae,Hur, Young Baek,Cho, Kee Chae,Jeon, Chang Young,Lee, Deok Chan The Malacological Society of Korea 2012 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.28 No.3
Aquaculture is challenged by a number of constraints with future efforts towards sustainable production. Global climate change has a potential damage to the sustainability by changing environmental surroundings unfavorably. The damaging parameters identified are water temperature, sea level, surface physical energy, precipitation, solar radiation, ocean acidification, and so on. Of them, temperature, mostly temperature elevation, occupies significant concern among marine ecologists and aquaculturists. Ocean acidification particularly draws shellfish aquaculturists' attention as it alters the marine chemistry, shifting the equilibrium towards more dissolved CO2 and hydrogen ions ($H^+$) and thus influencing signaling pathways on shell formation, immune system, and other biological processes. Temperature elevation by climate change is of double-sidedness: it can be an opportunistic parameter besides being a generally known damaging parameter in aquaculture. It can provide better environments for faster and longer growth for aquaculture species. It is also somehow advantageous for alleviation of aquaculture expansion pressure in a given location by opening a gate for new species and aquaculture zone expansion northward in the northern hemisphere, otherwise unavailable due to temperature limit. But in the science of climate change, the ways of influence on aquaculture are complex and ambiguous, and hence are still hard to identify and quantify. At the same time considerable parts of our knowledge on climate change effects on aquaculture are from the estimates from data of fisheries and agriculture. The consequences may be different from what they really are, particularly in the temperature region. In reality, bivalves and tunicates hung or caged in the longline system are often exposed to temperatures higher than those they encounter in nature, locally driving the farmed shellfish into an upper tolerable temperature extreme. We review recent climate change and following environment changes which can be factors or potential factors affecting shellfish aquaculture production in the temperate region.
Jo, Qtae,Choy, Eun-Jung,Lee, Su-Jeong,Cho, Yong-Chul,Lee, Chu,Kim, Yoon The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2005 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.18 No.3
We previously pointed out that the polluted sediment elutriate manifestly affected the early events of reproductive outputs in the Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. A serial dilution of priority xenobiotic sediment elutriates determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were exposed to gametes of the oyster with different stress burdens to detail the maternal stress transfer to its reproductive outputs. There was an apparent critical concentration over which survival and morphogenesis were significantly affected with more profound damage in morphogenesis. The critical concentration which drives mortality and abnormal morphogenesis of the larvae corresponded to a dilution between 10 and 20% of our elutriate. The adverse effects of the early lives by the xenobiotic exposure over the critical concentration were magnified by the maternal stress from the exposed benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), one of the priority polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the maturation condition. These results indicate that maternal transfer of the xenobiotic compounds from oysters living in the contaminated location might represent a significant adverse effect to their larval population of wild seeds.
Jo, Qtae,Han, Jong-Chul,Hur, Yong-Baek,Byun, Soon Kyu,Moon, Tae-Seok The Malacological Society of Korea 2014 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.30 No.4
Triploids have several potential advantages over diploids in aquaculture, drawing an elevated commercial reaction into the realistic application of the techniques despite we are still in the early stage of triploid industry for the Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas. We traced the growth performance of the triploid C. gigas for over a year from hatchery spats, which was created by manipulations of chemicals (Cytochalasin B, CB or 6-Dimethylaminopurine, 6-DMAP). The growth was clearly marked by an initial longer dormancy and following a great magnitude of heterogeneity. The dormancy was almost 9 to 10-month long or even longer and was considered as a downside of the creation. The heterogeneity was magnified by appearance of extraordinarily growing oysters in part during summer season, which could be a representative upside of the triploids. Overall, however, the results were not as positive as were expected. The longer dormancy and following heterogeneity observed in our practice could be marked as an additional negative sign of the chemical use. The present study, thus, might be highly indicative in the introduction of biological cross between tetraploid and diploid to produce natural triploid embryos.
Jo Qtae,Choy Eun-Jung,Park Doo Won,Jee Young-Ju,Kim Sung Yeon,Kim Yoon The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2002 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.5 No.4
The Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, were stressed with different concentrations of benzo(a) pyrene and depurated to determine the hemocyte lysosomal membrane stability and hydrolytic enzymatic activity as a biomarker candidate to the chemical, using NRR (neutral red retention) and API ZYM System, respectively. The membrane damage measured as NRR decrease was significant with the increase of chemical concentration and exposure time (P<0.05), providing a possible tool for biomarker. Interestingly, the control showed intrinsic stress probably due to captive life in the laboratory, and a recovering trend was also found during the depuration. The benzo(a)pyrene-exposed oysters showed increased enzyme activities in alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, $\beta$-galactosidase, $\beta$-glucuronidase, and N-acetyl- $\beta$-glucosaminidase. Of them, only two enzymes, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, showed some potential available for the generation of enzymatic biomarker in the oyster. The results are suggestive of the potential availability of the cellular and enzymatic properties as a biomarker. However, considering that a robust biomarker should be insensitive to natural stress coming from normal physiological variation, but sensitive to pollutants, a concept of intrinsic stress the animal possesses should be taken into consideration. This reflects the necessity of further research on the intrinsic stress affecting the cellular and enzymatic properties of the chemicalstressed oysters prior to using the data as a biomarker.
The Sterolic Properties of Heterotrophic Tetraselmis suecica
Jo Qtae,Choy Eun Jung,Park Doo Won The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2004 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.7 No.1
The heterotrophic production method for Tetraselmis suecica, a suggested alternative to photoautotrophic one in the economic sense, was studied in terms of cell growth and sterolic property. The alga in the 10 mM organic carbon (glucose) manifested cell growth. However, the alga produced by the heterotrophic method showed a unique property of sterol determined with an aid of GC and GC-MS. The photoautotrophic control T. suecica contained 6 detectable sterol species: $cholesta-5,\;22-dien-3\beta-o1$, $ergost-5-en-3\beta-o1$, cholest-5-en-3\beta-o1$, $24-methyl-cholesta-5,\;22-dien-3\beta-o1$, $24-methylcholesta-5,\;24-dien-3\beta-o1$, $24-ethylchlolesta-5,\;24-dien-3\betao1$, $24-methylcholesta-5-en-3\beta-o1$, and $24-ethylchlolesta-5en-3\beta-o1$. We discuss the sterolic properties of the alga along the heterotrophic progress, particularly focusing on the availability of the method in the aquaculture of bivalves which normally need sterols as a dietary source.
Choy Eun Jung,Jo Qtae,Do Jeong Wan,Kim Sang Soo,Jee Young-Ju,Min Kwang Sik The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2003 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.6 No.2
Two cellular biomarker parameters of the farmed Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas were studied in vivo and in vitro after exposure to concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in terms of neural red uptake (NRU) and lysozyme activity. The oysters exposed in vivo to the xenobiotic concentrations, 0, 30, 90, and 180 ng/g for 14 days, enhanced hemocyte NRU with occasional significant differences (P<0.05), depending on the chemical concentration and duration. An adverse tendency was manifest in the lysozyme activities both in the hemocyte and serum of the oyster treated with the chemical in a same manner, rendering these two cellular parameters as biomarker candidates against the chemical. The oysters exposed in vitro to the chemical concentrations, 0, 1, 5, 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 ng/g for 24 hrs at $10^{\circ}C$ showed a similar tendancy as those exposed in vivo to the chemical. Unlike in vivo response, however, the in vitro NRU was first influenced by very low concentration of the chemical. In in vitro results, marked but not significant increase of hemocyte NRU was noticed at the chemical concentration of 5 ng/g, where the value was almost as high as those exposed to higher chemical concentrations, up to 10,000 ng/g. An unusual result was observed in the in vitro lysozyme activity of hemocyte in which significant decrease was first noticed at the chemical concentration of 100 ng/g.