韓國 小農의 社會·經濟的 特性과 發展方向

鄭址雄,李瓆鉉,金在浩 연세대학교 교육대학원 1977 연세교육과학 Vol.11 No.-

The small farmer development is highlighted in the 1970's as an imperative task of rural development. Prior to planning any development programs for the small farmers, the baseline survey is needed to investigate the economic and socio-psychological characteristics of them in comparison with the middle and big farmers in relative sense. Catering such a need, this study aims at indentifying the small farmers' economic and socio-psychological characteristics and drawing some implications for their development. In addition to the documentary analysis, 176 farm households and 22 landless farm laborers were interviewed and the data was analyzed by means of analysis of variance and chi-square and other simple descriptive statistics. The subjects were total villagers of typical four villages located at southern Yong In County about 70 kilo meters south of Seoul, and all the farm households were grouped into four in order of their annual household income: big farmers(Upper one fourth), middle farmers(second one fourth), marginal farmers(third 25 percent), and poor farmers (lowest 25 percent). The major findings of the study are : 1. The small farmers had smaller size of assets estimated by current cash in 1975 than those of bigger farmers, but their paddy-upland ratiov tenant land ratio, irrigated land ratio, and items component ratio (land item, farm machinery item, livestock itemof total assets estimated were not different significantly. 2. The input level for getting a unit farm roceipt of the small farmers was higher than that of bigger farmers, while labor and land efficiency of the small farmers was lower than the bigger ones. 3. The size of the farmers income was net related with their technical level, but related to their communication exposure. 4. The level of achievement motive of the farmers was very positively related with their income: the small farmers had lower motive to live hotter than bigger ones. Based on the foregoing results, the following implications can be drawn : 1. The limitation of capital resource is one of the major factor affecting farming efficiency, so that government agricultural loam system should be adjusted for solving capital rationing faced by small farmers. 2. The conditions of tenant farming are not reasonable to small farmers and it is needed to adjust land tenant system which is suitable for the development stages of Korean economy. 3. The land amelioration should be more emphasized for small farmers' land than the bigger ones. 4. Livestsock farming and off-farm activities should be strengthened for small farmers in order to raise their income. 5. Educational programs to develop the small farmers' achievement motive and their farm management skills should be offered by any institutions related to rural development. 6. An integrated agricultural and rural development program at central and local levels is needed for solving small farmers' problems which are interdisplinarily related.

한국 농학계 대학의 발전과 농촌발전에의 기여

정지웅 서울대학교 농업개발연구소 1999 농업생명과학연구 Vol.3 No.-

Launching in 1918, the modern Korean institutes of higher learning in agriculture have quantitatively and qualitatively developed until the present time(1999) when their structures are greatly being transformed. The mainstream in history of Korean higher learning institutes in agriculture is divided into four stages after liberalization from Japanese rule in 1945: 1) the College of Agriculture as a separate campus at Suwon of Seoul National University which has led the higher agricultural education all over the country since 1918; 2) development of local national universities which started mostly from junior agricultural colleges and became colleges of agriculture at each provincial National Universities; 3) separate colleges of agriculture, livestock, or forestry at the private universities set out in 1960; and 4) college reform and restructuring period in the 1990s when their continuing education function was articulated. While reviewing their history it could be recognized that those Korean institutes of higher learning in agriculture have greatly contributed to (1) having fostered a number of human resources engaged in advanced farming, agricultural researches, agricultural extension, community development, agribusiness and cooperative affairs, agro-industry, environmental activities, and a variety of non-agricultural sectors, (2) achieving national food grain(rice) self-sufficiency in close cooperation with the Rural Development Administration, (3) building a great deal of rural infrastructural works in close cooperation with the Rural Development Corporation, and (4) Sustainable rural development and modernization in line with the nationwide Saemaul Movement.

農民技術受容에 影響을 주는 要因의 比較分析 : 關係機關과 情報傳達媒體를 中心으로

鄭址雄,崔敏浩,金性洙,徐圭善,李昶植 서울大學校 農科大學 1984 서울대농학연구지 Vol.9 No.2

The purpose of the study was to analyze the variables affecting farmers' adoption process of agricultural innovations in Korea. Specific objectives of the study were to ; (1) review the adoption process and the variables associated with this process, (2) investigate the rate of adoption of selected agricultural innovations in the fields of rice production, animal husbandary and horticulture, (3) analyze communication media and change agencies or institutions which affected the adoption of agricultural innovations, and (4) identify the relations of the farmers' adoption and communication exposure behavior. Data for the study were collected from 393 cluster sampled farmers out of selected 17 rural villages in Korea. Five graduate students and three faculty members of Seoul National University participated in conducting interview with pre-tested questionnairs. The data were analyzed by HP 3,000 computer in the College of Agriculture, Seoul National University. Major statistical techniques used for the study were frequency distribution, chi-square and discriminant analysis. Statistical significance was tested at .05 level. The major findings of the study were as follows : 1. Variables associated with the agricultural adoption process were classified into the following six categories ; (1) perceived characteristics of agricultural innovations, (2) personality and characteristics of adopters, (3) the patterns of communication media or channels, (4) efforts of change agents. (5) priorities in agricultural development policies, and (6) characteristics of social system. 2. Rats of adoption were about 83% in application of silicate fertilizers on rice seed bed, 41% in feeding calf starter known as artificial milk to calves, 56% vinyl mulching practices in vegetable cultivation, and 67% in spreading raw rice straw on paddy land to improve soil conditions. 3. Time lag between awareness and adoption appeared to be about seven months in application of silicate fertilizers on rice seed bed, and about a year in feeding calf starter. 4. Change agent interpersonal communication revealed to be the most important factor affecting farmers' awareness in application of silicate fertilizers on rice seed bed, in feeding calf starter, and in spreading raw rice straw on paddy land, while localite interpersonal communication in vinyl mulching practices in vegetable cultivation. 5. Change agent interpersonal communication appeared to be the most important factor affecting farmers' adoption in application of silicate fertilizers on rice seed bed and in feeding calf-starter, Localite interpersonal communications were more important in vinyl mulching practices of vegetable cultivation and in spreading raw rice straw. Localite interpersonal communications were more important factor at adoption stage than at awarenss stage. 6. Agricultural extension agencies appeared to be the most important factor affecting farmers' adoption in application of silicate fertilizers on rice seed bed, in feeding calf starter, and in vinyl mulching practices. Based on the results of this study, the following are recommended for further development of agricultural extension services and effective adoption process of agricultural innovation. 1. The variables associated with the agricultural innovation decision process should be taken into consideration to improve effectiveness of change agencies or agricultural extension services. 2. Effective use of communication media along with the feedback messages from the change agency as well as client system be considered to increase effectiveness and meaningfulness of both systems. 3. Innovative agricultural research be continually sharpen its focus on the highest priority needs of client system by utilizing feedback from farmers through the communication link of change agents. 4. A long-term educational approach by using various communication media be emphasized, and regular field survey on innovation-decision process will prevent discontinuance of innovations.

農村 靑少年의 家庭生活에 관한 價値觀

崔敏浩,鄭址雄,金性洙,李洛薰,金鎭模 서울大學校 農科大學 1985 서울대농학연구지 Vol.10 No.2

The purposes of the study were to investigate the values of the rural youth in relation to family living, and to compare changes in the values with the similar study of the reseacher of 1970 in Korea. Data were collected by undergraduate and graduate students of the Seoul National University from randomly selected 993 rural youths of 13 to 24 years of age through questionnaire method. The data were analyzed by HP 3000 Computer in the College of Agriculture, Seoul National University. Major statistical techniques used for the study were frequency, percentile, chi square test. Statistical significance was tested at 0.05 level. The major findings of the study were as follows; 1. It was revealed that values on family living were changed into modern democratic ideals from traditional Confucian values 2. The view of respondents that the first son should take care of parents has decreased from 32.8% in 1970 to 23.8% in 1984. The Respondents who think that one of sons should take care of parents has increased from 45.8% in 1970 to 60.8% in 1984. 3. The rate of respondents claiming that the head of a family should govern the family with authority and dignity has increased from 61.1%in 1970 to 68.3% in 1984. 4. The respondents claiming that the head of a family should decide the important things of family living dogmatically has decreased from 16.9% in 1970 to 8.1% in 1984. 5. The rate of respondents claiming that father should respect mother's opinion in family has increased from 78.6% in 1970 to 90.5% in 1984. 6. The rate of respondents claiming that fathers should understand the things of children with maximum degree has increased from 86.8% in 1970 to 93.8% in 1984.

農村兒童에 대한 禁忌行動의 根源과 敎育的 影響

崔相浩,鄭址雄 서울大學校 農科大學 1985 서울대농학연구지 Vol.10 No.2

This study is to collect taboos for children existing in rural Korea, to seek for their causes, and to explore their educational effects on those children. Information was gathered through the authors' own experiences and through interview with key informants (28 men and 24 women) who participated in leadership training for Agricultural Cooperative leaders from different parts of Korea. This study could collect 16 taboos for children and most of them were found to be mainly related to the wish for wealth and long life: The taboos related to wealth showed people's strong desire to live happily with better food, clothes, and house. Ten out of 16 taboos were related to wealth and prosperity and four of them, to long lives. The causes of such taboos were not clarified in this study and it was found that the children were prohibited to act against the taboo with no reason or rational ground. It was also found that most of them have educational dysfunction for the children to be less active and creative and to lose their reliability to parents who force them to keep the 16 taboos collected in this study.

農業技術 弘報用 印刷媒體의 製作活用改善에 관한 硏究

金性洙,崔敏浩,鄭址雄,權一男 서울大學校 農科大學 1986 서울대농학연구지 Vol.11 No.1

The objectives of the study were to: 1) analyze the structure and styles of the printed media for agricultural information, 2) review the utilization of the magazine by farmers and extension workers, 3) survey the needs of subscribers for the printed media, 4) find ways for improvement in putting out the magazine, and 5) recommend effective methods for publication and utilization of the printed media. Data were collected by mail and group interview from 179 of the randomly sampled farmers and from 148 of the extension agents in selected areas in Korea. The data were analyzed by HP 3000 computer in the College of Agriculture, Seoul National University. Major statistical techniques used for the study were frequency distrbution, percentile. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Communication exposure of the farmers to the printed media was lower than that of the extension agents, however the level of exposure was considerably high considering limited number of copy for farmers. 2. Farmers' major channel for acquisition of new farming technology was personal communication with extension agents, and extension agents' major channel for advanced technology was printed media. 3. It was revealed that the farmers did not have any difficulty in understanding contents of the printed media. 4. The printed media had been providing long range information for the farmers and extension agents. The farmers and extension agents responded that the consistency in the table of contents and the articles was good, and they liked the idea of emphasis by adopting the box style editing. 5. The farmers responded that the topics of the magazine should reflect the current change in agriculture. 8. The farmers responded that they would like to see articles on horticulture and successful case stories in farming. 9. The farmer-subscriber fully utilized information on farming and rural life in the printed media. Extended distrubution of the printed media would be necessary to enlarge the benefit from the advanced farming technology and improved rural home life.

Community Development and Education College of Agriculture,Seoul National University : The Case of Seoul National University College of Agriculture 서울大農大의 事例

Cheong,Ji Woong 서울大學校 農科大學 1979 서울대농학연구지 Vol.4 No.1

이 硏究는 農業系 大學의 敎育課程을 통한 人口敎育에 폭주하는 人口情報가 얼마나 어떻게 適用되는가를 알아보고 앞으로의 人口敎育强化對策을 提示하고자 遂行된 것이다. 資料는 本 서울大學校農科大學의 關聯科目 21個를 抽出하여 講義案을 分析하고 擔當敎授들과의 面談으로써 蒐集되었으며 그 分析은 간단한 記述에 그치었다. 農業/農村開發의 課程에서 다루어지는 人口/家族計劃에 관한 情報는 食糧과 人口關係, 農業勞動力, 各作目 및 農業職別從事人口數, 農村開發과 人口關係, 農村地域社會의 人口調査, 家族計劃과 避妊法, 營養/保健과 人口, 人口移動등 廣範한 內容을 다루고 있으며 農村社會科學의 性格을 띈 內容에서 더 많이 다루어지고 있었다. 이들 科目에서의 人口情報源은 敎科書에만 依存하기 보다는 國內外의 많은 資料를 活用하고 있었으나, 아직도 그 情報蒐集이나 敎職員들의 人口관계 硏鑽活動은 制限된 狀態에 있었다. 이러한 人口情報를 다루는 戰略이나 敎授方法은 敎科目의 類型에 따라 差異가 있었다. 대체로 農業基礎 및 生産過程에서의 生態界와 人間의 關係, 例컨대 씨없는 수박, 優生學, 剪枝, 솎아내기, 生産量과 人口와의 關係등으로 人口統制의 必要와 함께 그 科目에의 興味를 誘發하고 있었다. 工學과 化學을 農業에 應用하는 化工系 科目에서는 일손 不足에 對應하는 機械化, 營養食品開發, 自然農法등을 통하여 學生들의 人口에 대한 意識과 일에 대한 價値意識을 變化시켰다는 경우도 있었다. 또 經濟, 經營系統의 科目들은 農村人口의 過剩과 營養條件의 不利등으로 人口抑制의 必要를 切感케 하며, 다른 農村社會科學 敎科에서는 農村地域의 生産力, 平均子女數, 理想子女數, 家族計劃受容등에 대한 事實을 알게하여 農村人口의 重要性을 認識시키고 있었다. 이러한 農業/農村開發과 人口와의 關聯性을 否定하는 反應은 없었으며 農業系 大學에서의 人口敎育의 重要性과 有利性을 認定하고 있었으나, 아직도 具體的인 避妊方法에 대한 理解는 적었고 人口/家族計劃專擔機關과의 紐帶나 그들의 專門資料의 普及이 未洽 하여 敎材面에서도 人口에 대한 充分한 새로운 情報를 活用하지 못하였다. 위의 結果로 볼 때 農業系大學에서의 人口敎育 强化의 必要, 敎職員의 國內·外人口關係 硏鑽 및 會議에의 參與擴大, 人口關係 資料의 充分한 普及, 農業/農村開發과 人口/家族計劃의 關係에 대한 綜合硏究와 敎材編纂, 視聽覺敎具製作, 中等 및 社會敎育機關에로의 農村人口敎育擴大등이 앞으로의 當面課題로서 提示될 수 있다.

농촌주민들의 가치수준 및 도덕성수준과 그 향상을 위한 사회교육적 시사

정지웅(Ji Woong Cheong),정득진(Deuk Jin Cheong) 한국농촌지도학회 1996 농촌지도와 개발 Vol.3 No.2

This study aimed at measuring the rural people`s level of value and morality, identifying its related variables, and drawing some implications for rural adult education. To measure their value and moral levels, 141 Yoncheon county adults were interviewed or asked to answer the questionnaires based on the Braithwaite and Law`s(value) and Rest`s(morality) instruments. The data were analyzed mainly by ANOVA, Chi square test and Pearson product-moment correlation. The major findings were: (1) The rural people mainly remained in vital feeling value(fourth) level out of five levels(religious holiness, spiritual, mind, vital feeling and sensible feeling value in order), (2) They remained in harmonious interpersonal expectations stage(fourth mortality level) out of six stage(universal ethical principles, social contract, social conscience maintenance, harmonious interpersonal expectation, instrumental purpose, and punishment/obedience in order), (3) Religion, the number of participation in adult education, and the length of such participation were three variables related to the level of value, and age, schooling years, and the number of family wane three variable related to their morality level, and (4) The relationship between value and morality levels was not significantly identified. Rural adult education needs to be more strengthened for improving their spiritual quality of life.

농촌지도사업 교육프로그램 개발에 대한 해석학적 분석

정지웅(Ji Woong Cheong),김진화(Jin Hwa Kim) 한국농촌지도학회 1996 농촌지도와 개발 Vol.3 No.2

The objective of this study was to analyze the reality of the program development process in detail accomplished by the organizations of extension education in through the hermeneutical approach. To achieve this purpose, this study tried to find answers to the following three questions : (1) how the organization of extension education develop their programs for farmers? (2) what is the programmers` awareness to the process of program development? and what is the reason for their thought and action to do so. (3) can be discussed integrally the findings for drawing some implications? The qualitative data were mainly gathered through participation observation and unstructured interview. And the qualitative data were analyzed by (1) noting pattern and themes, (2) seeing plausibility, (3) clustering, (4) making metaphors, (5) factoring, and (6) building a logical chain of evidence which hertneneutical techniques far drawing the meaning from the gathered data. The findings of this study were as follows : The programmers of this organization carried out the developing program in the technical training division at the national level and the section of fostering farm manager at the county level for the purpose of delivering the agricultural new technology and the agricultural policy. The term used formly in this organization was `curriculum development for former`, and the reality of program was `instruction profile` which signified the set of the educational manin contents. At county level, Educational planning was stressed on the implement of educational administration.

농민조직의 리더십 유형과 개발에 관한 연구

정지웅(Ji Woong Cheong),최민호(MIn Ho Choi),김성수(Sung Soo Kim) 한국농촌지도학회 1997 농촌지도와 개발 Vol.4 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the leadership style and development of agricultural organization in Korea. Specific objectives of the study were to : 1) identify the leadership style of agricultural organization though literature review, 2) survey the members` opinions about their leadership style, 3) examine the leader`s self-estimation of their leadership style, 4) identify the desirable leadership style items of the leaders and members, 5) suggest effective way to the development of leadership style. The study was carried out through literature review and questionnaire survey. Total of 715 farmers were surveyed to collect data, and 501 responded. The statistical techniques applied on the data are frequency, percentile, analysis of variance, multiple regression utilizing the SPSS/WIN, and the statistical significance was tested at .05 level. The major findings of the study were: 1) the leaders motivation and problem solving abilities of agricultural organizations wire not enough to satisfy the members, 2) members believed the leaders males somewhat arbitrary decisions, 3) the leaders of the organizations had difficulties to coordinate the different opinions of the members, and 4) the Leaders of the organizations felt die need of skills and information on leadership style and development of agricultural organization. For improvement of leadership for agricultural organization, this study suggests; 1) the more education programs should be made and practiced to make their leadership special, 2) all members should make much efforts to have channels for rational communication, 3) the leaders have to give members well-polished incentives for active participation, 4) more governmental support should be given to empower those organizations, and 5) the agricultural organizations, universities and government must establish a strong coordinating system to realize above suggestions.