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Isolation and characterization of bioactive polysaccharides from algae and medicinal mushrooms
Andriy Synytsya,GordonK.Gomba,Radek Pohl,Peter Capek,Jana Čopíková,Yong-Il Park 한국당과학회 2011 한국당과학회 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.1
Algae and mushrooms are rich sources of bioactive natural components. Among these compounds, polysaccharides are interesting due to their immunomodulating, antitumor, antiviral, coagulating and other properties. Polysaccharides play an outstanding role in the construction of algal and mushroom cell walls. First step of the strategy of polysaccharide isolation from such raw material is fractionation of individual cell wall components by subsequent extractions. The second step is rigorous purification of obtained fractions by using of preparative chromatography, chemical reagents and specific enzymes. Finally, individual polysaccharides within a fraction can be separated from each other by procedures based on the difference in their solubility in various media, sensitivity to chemical or enzymatic destruction, affinity to specific molecules and complexation with metal cations. Structural analysis of isolated algal or mushroom polysaccharides is based on combination of separation, chemical and spectroscopic methods. Total hydrolysis followed by HPLC or GC analysis gives the information about the monosaccharide composition. Gel chromatography equipped with various detectors is used for the molecular mass estimation. FTIR spectroscopy is effective for detection of functional groups, estimation of fraction purity as well as type of polysaccharide. Correlation NMR spectroscopy together with sugar linkage analysis is a powerful tool for detail analysis of polysaccharide structure (types of linkage and substitution, branching, anomeric configuration etc.). Polysaccharide fractions isolated from fruiting bodies of medicinal mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Agaricus blazei and Piptoporus betulinus were defined mainly as specific glucans. Branched 1,3-1,6-β-glucan and amylose-like 1,4-α-glucan were found in water soluble fractions, while linear 1,3-α-glucan in alkali soluble fractions. Effective deproteinisation and separation of α- and β-glucans was achieved by the treatment with phenolic reagent. Insoluble fractions contained some amount of chitin as a component of cell wall chitin–glucan complex. Fruiting bodies of wood decay fungi of genera Phellinus and Inonotus contains polyphenols integrated with cell wall polysaccharides. Most of polyphenols, which are interesting due to their strong antioxidative activity, were successfully removed from raw material by extraction with acidic ethanol. Soluble and insoluble polysaccharide fractions isolated from these mushrooms still contained colored products of polyphenol degradation. Polysaccharides were purified by the treatment with acidic or alkali solutions of hydrogen peroxide and defined mainly as branched β-glucans (soluble fractions) and chitin–glucan complex (insoluble part). Korean seaweeds Undaria pinattifida and Capsosiphon fulvescens are sources of bioactive polysaccharides, which were isolated and defined respectively as sulfated/acetylated galactofucan (fucoidan) and sulfated glucuronorhamnoxylan. These polysaccharides have shown various biological activities which make them interesting compounds for medicinal applications. This work was supported by Czech Science Foundation (Project No. 525050273), Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic (Projects No. CEZ: MSM6046137305) and Gyeonggi-do province, Korea (GRRC program of the Catholic University of Korea)
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