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FUZZY TRANSLATIONS AND FUZZY MULTIPLICATIONS OF BCK/BCI-ALGEBRAS
Lee, Kyoung-Ja,Jun, Young-Bae,Doh, Myung-Im Korean Mathematical Society 2009 대한수학회논문집 Vol.24 No.3
Fuzzy translations, (normalized, maximal) fuzzy extensions and fuzzy multiplications of fuzzy subalgebras in BCK/BCI-algebras are discussed. Relations among fuzzy translations, (normalized, maximal) fuzzy extensions and fuzzy multiplications are investigated.
Titania 에 담지된 NiO 의 촉매특성과 촉매성질에 관한 연구
배영일,도임자,손종락 ( Young Il Pae,Im Ja Doh,Jong Rack Sohn ) 한국공업화학회 1995 공업화학 Vol.6 No.6
일련의 NiO-TiO₂ 촉매를 NiCl₂와 TiCl₄ 혼합 용액을 공침전시켜 제조하였으며 이중에서 일부의 촉매는 H₂SO₄로 처리하여 촉매 표면을 개질하였다. 제조된 촉매의 특성을 FTIR, DSC-TGA, XRD 및 표면적 측정에 의하여 연구하였다. TiO₂에 NiO를 첨가 할수록 표면적 및 산의 양이 중가하였으며 NiO함량이 25㏖%에서 최대의 값을 나타내었다. 그리고 NiO의 함량이 25㏖%에서 propene의 부분산화반응과 1-butene의 이성화반응의 촉매활성도 최대를 보여 주었다. H₂SO₄로 개질된 NiO-TiO₂/SO₄^(2-)촉매는 미개질된 NiO-TiO₂촉매에 비하여 1-butene의 이성화반응에서 월등히 향상된 촉매활성을 나타내었다. NiO 함량이 많을 수록 anatase가 rutile로 전이되는 온도가 NiO와 TiO₂의 상호작용으로 높게 나타났으며 600℃ 이상의 소성온도에서 NiO와 TiO₂가 결합하여 rhombohedral구조를 갖는 NiTiO₃화합물이 생성되었다. A series of NiO-TiO₂ catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation from the mixed solution of nickel chloride and titanium tetrachloride. Some of the samples were modified by treatment with H₂SO₄. The characterization of prepared catalysts was performed by using FTIR, DSC-TGA, and XRD, and by the measurment of surface area. The addition of NiO to TiO₂ caused the increase of surface area and acidity, showing a maximum at 25㏖% of NiO. Catalytic activites for prepene partial oxidation and 1-butene isomerization reactions also exhibited a maximum at 25㏖% of NiO. NiO-TiO₂/SO₄^(2-) modified whth H₂SO₄ exhibited remarkably enhanced catalytic activity for 1-butene isomerization compared with unmodified NiO-TiO₂. The addition of NiO to TiO₂ shifted the phase transition of TiO₂ from anatase to rutile towards higher temperatures due to the interaction between NiO and TiO₂. NiTiO₃ compound from NiO and TiO₂ was formed at calcination temperature above 600℃.
Characterization of V2O2-ZrO2-WO3 and Activity for Propylene Partial Oxidation
Pae, Young Il,Sohn, Jong Rack,Doh, Im Ja 한국공업화학회 1999 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.5 No.3
V₂O_5-ZrO₂ modified with WO₃ was prepared by adding the Zr(OH)₄ powder into a mixed aqueous solution of ammonium metavanadate and ammonium metatungstate followed by drying and calcining at high temperatures. The characterization of the prepared catalysts was performed using FTIR, solid-state ^(51)V NMR, XRD, and DSC. In the case of calcination temperature at 773 K, for the samples containing low loading V₂O_5 below 18 wt % vanadium oxide was in a highly dispersed state, while for samples containing high loading V205 equal to or above 18 wt vanadium oxide was well crystallized due to the V₂O_5 loading exceeding the formation of monolayer on the surface of catalyst. The ZrV₂O_7 compound was formed through the reaction of V₂O_5 and ZrO₂ at 873 K and decomposed into V₂O_5 and ZrO₂ at 1073 K, which were confirmed by FTIR, solid-state ^(51)V NMR, and XRD. V₂O_5-ZrO₂-WO₃(15) series catalysts exhibited the effective catalytic activity for propylene partial oxidation and the activity increased with increasing V₂O_5 content reaching a maximum at 12 wt % V₂O_5.
V2O5 - TiO2 및 황산으로 개질된 V2O5 - TiO2 의 특성
배영일,도임자,박은희,손종락 ( Young Il Pae,Im Ja Doh,Eun Hee Park,Jong Rack Sohn ) 한국공업화학회 1995 공업화학 Vol.6 No.5
Ti(OH)₄ 분말을 NH₄VO₃ 수용액에 함침시킨 후 공기중에 소성하여 V₂O_5-TiO₂ 촉매를 제조하였으며 또한 NH₄VO₃로 함침된 Ti(OH)₄ 분말을 황산으로 개질한 후 소성하여 V₂O_5-TiO₂/SO₄^(2-) 촉매를 제조하였다. 제조된 촉매의 특성을 FTIR, DSC-TGA, XRD 및 표면적 측정에 의하여 연구하였다. V₂O_5-TiO₂표면에 결합된 황산기는 V₂O_5함량이 많을수록 낮은 온도에서 분해되었다. 그리고 V₂O_5함량이 8∼10㏖%까지는 V₂O_5가 TiO₂ 표면에 잘 분산되어 900℃의 소성온도에서도 V₂O_5의 결정이 XRD pattern상에 나타나지 아니하였으나 V₂O_5함량이 10㏖% 및 그 이상에서는 400℃의 소성온도부터 V₂O_5 결정이 나타났다. IR과 XRD의 결과를 근거로 하면 V₂O_5표면을 monolayer로 완전히 입히는 데 필요한 V₂O_5의 함량은 8∼10㏖%임을 추측할 수 있다. V₂O_5-TiO₂ catalysts were prepared by dry impregnation of powdered Ti(OH)₄ with an aqueous solution of NH₄VO₃ followed by calcining in air, and V₂O_5-TiO₂/SO₄^(2-) catalysts were prepared by modifying impregnated Ti(OH)₄ with H₂SO₄ followed by calcining in air. The characterization of prepared catalysts was performed by using FTIR, DSC-TGA, and XRD, and by the measurement of surface area. The higher the content of V₂O_5 the lower the decomposition temperature of sulate bonded to the TiO₂-V₂O_5 surface. Since V₂O_5 was dispersed on the surface of TiO₂ up to 8㏖% of V₂O_5, any crystal phase of V₂O_5 even at the calcination temperature of 900℃ was not observed on the XRD patterns. However, in the case of sample containing 10㏖% and more than 10㏖% of V₂O_5, V₂O_5 crystal phase appeared on XRD pattern from the calcination temperature of 400℃. On the basis of results of IR and XRD, it is guessed that the content of V₂O_5 monolayer covering most of the available TiO₂ is 8∼10㏖%.