Understanding Keystroke Dynamics for Smartphone Users Authentication and Keystroke Dynamics on Smartphones Built-In Motion Sensors

Lee, Hyungu,Hwang, Jung Yeon,Kim, Dong In,Lee, Shincheol,Lee, Sung-Hoon,Shin, Ji Sun Hindawi Limited 2018 Security and communication networks Vol.2018 No.-

<P>Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) and pattern drawing have been used as common authentication methods especially on smartphones. Such methods, however, are very vulnerable to the shoulder surfing attack. Thus, keystroke dynamics that authenticate legitimate users based on their typing manner have been studied for years. However, many of the studies have focused on PC keyboard keystrokes. More studies on mobile and smartphones keystroke dynamics are warranted; as smartphones make progress in both hardware and software, features from smartphones have been diversified. In this paper, using various features including keystroke data such as time interval and motion data such as accelerometers and rotation values, we evaluate features with motion data and without motion data. We also compare 5 formulas for motion data, respectively. We also demonstrate that opposite gender match between a legitimate user and impostors has influence on authenticating by our experiment results.</P>

A parameterized model to select discriminating features on keystroke dynamics authentication on smartphones

Lee, Hyungu,Hwang, Jung Yeon,Lee, Shincheol,Kim, Dong In,Lee, Sung-Hoon,Lee, Jaehwan,Shin, Ji Sun Elsevier 2019 Pervasive and mobile computing Vol.54 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Nowadays, smartphones work not only as personal devices, but also as distributed IoT edge devices uploading information to a cloud. Their secure authentications become more crucial as information from them can spread wider. Keystroke dynamics is one of prominent candidates for authentications factors. Combined with PIN/pattern authentications, keystroke dynamics provide a user-friendly multi-factor authentication for smartphones and other IoT devices equipped with keypads and touch screens. There have been many studies and researches on keystroke dynamics authentication with various features and machine-learning classification methods. However, most of researches extract the same features for the entire user and the features used to learn and authenticate the user’s keystroke dynamics pattern. Since the same feature is used for all users, it may include features that express the users’ keystroke dynamics well and those that do not. The authentication performance may be deteriorated because only the discriminative feature capable of expressing the keystroke dynamics pattern of the user is not selected. In this paper, we propose a parameterized model that can select the most discriminating features for each user. The proposed technique can select feature types that better represent the user’s keystroke dynamics pattern using only the normal user’s collected samples. In addition, performance evaluation in previous studies focuses on average EER(equal error rate) for all users. EER is the value at the midpoint between the FAR(false acceptance rate) and FRR(false rejection rate), FAR is the measure of security, and FRR is the measure of usability. The lower the FAR, the higher the authentication strength of keystroke dynamics. Therefore, the performance evaluation is based on the FAR. Experimental results show that the FRR of the proposed scheme is improved by at least 10.791% from the maximum of 31.221% compared with the other schemes.</P>

Bioimaging of Nucleolin Aptamer-Containing 5-( <i>N</i> -benzylcarboxyamide)-2′-deoxyuridine More Capable of Specific Binding to Targets in Cancer Cells

Lee, Kyue Yim,Kang, Hyungu,Ryu, Sung Ho,Lee, Dong Soo,Lee, Jung Hwan,Kim, Soonhag Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2010 Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology Vol.2010 No.-

<P>Chemically modified nucleotides have been developed and applied into SELEX procedure to find a novel type of aptamers to fit with targets of interest. In this study, we directly performed chemical modification of 5-(<I>N</I>-benzylcarboxyamide)-2′-deoxyuridine (called 5-BzdU) in the AS1411 aptamer, which binds to the nucleolin protein expressed in cancer cells. Forty-seven compounds of AS1411-containing Cy3-labeled 5-BzdU (called Cy3-(5-BzdU)-modified-AS1411) were synthesized by randomly substituting thymidines one to twelve in AS1411 with Cy3-labeled 5-BzdU. Both statistically quantified fluorescence measurements and confocal imaging analysis demonstrated at least three potential compounds of interest: number 12, 29 and 41 that significantly increased the targeting affinity to cancer cells but no significant activity from normal healthy cells. These results suggest that the position and number of substituents in AS1411 are critical parameters to improve the aptamer function. In this study, we demonstrated that chemical modification of the existing aptamers enhanced the binding and targeting affinity to targets of interest without additional SELEX procedures.</P>

영어 읽기 지도를 위한 줌렌즈 모형

이현구(Lee, Hyungu) 한국영어교과교육학회 2010 영어교과교육 Vol.9 No.2

The purpose of this study is to review the three kinds of bottom-up, top-down and interactive models of reading and suggest an alternative approach to teaching reading called ‘a zoom lens model.’ Over the past two decades, it has been continued to emphasize listening and speaking rather than reading and writing of the English skills. Recently, however, our society requires even stronger literacy abilities due to the age of information technology growth. In the vein of this trend, we need to explore new approaches of reading and apply them to a reading world. Although the existing three models of reading have served useful purposes for reading comprehension, there are some limitations. In particular, the interactive models combining bottom-up and top-down models provide neither a simple, exact model, nor how to teach to practitioners in practice. The zoom lens model, on the other hand, has several benefits. First, it considers learning environments and levels of English learners. Second, its focus is exclusively on learners, not teachers. Third, it can provide how to teach English reading for teachers. Finally, it can be applied to other language skills; writing, listening, and speaking including pronunciation.

교육과정, 영어교과서 및 평가에 관한 논문 분석 연구

이현구(Lee, Hyungu) 한국영어어문교육학회 2014 영어어문교육 Vol.20 No.1

The purpose of this study is to analyze the curriculum, English textbooks-and evaluation-related articles in the journal of English Language & Literature Teaching and to suggest its developmental alternative in the future in commemoration of its 20 years of history (1995-2013). A total of 76 curriculum, English textbooks-and evaluation-related papers out of 628 have been published in the last twenty years. The research criteria of this study are as follows: research theme; subjects; research methodology; language use. The results from the review and journal analysis showed that the curriculum-related articles were 25%, textbooks-related articles 26.3% and evaluation-related articles 48.7%. The subjects were from kindergarten to adults. The research methodology was based on the theory and literature review, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed quantitative and qualitative research. The most of research methodology were about the theory and literature review and the quantitative research (94.8%). There were few qualitative researches (1.3%). The articles were written in Korean (57.9%) and English (42.1%). The findings of the study further need to analyze other articles besides the journal of English Language & Literature Teaching in order to get more generalization and objectivity. Through this research, the journal will be able to contribute greatly to the development and orientation of curriculum, English textbooks and evaluation in the future.

중소기업 디자인 지원사업 성과 확대를 위한 연구

이현규(Lee, Hyungue) 한국디자인지식학회 2015 디자인지식저널 Vol.33 No.-

세계적인 시장 확장과 기술평준화, 소비자의 감성적 만족욕구 증대 등의 시장환경의 변화는 기업의 디자인 도입을 확대시키고 있으며, 대기업을 중심으로 경영전반으로 디자인의 활용을 확대해나가고 있다. 그러나 우리경제의 근간이라 할 수 있는 중소기업은 경영자원 및 역량의 부족으로 디자인을 활용한 지속적인 경영성과의 창출과 사업구조 고도화에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 본 연구에서는 디자인 지원사업에 참여한 300개 기업의 실제 사례를 분석하여, 문제점으로는 디자인개발 결과물의 낮은 상품화 비율, 디자인개발 결과물의 낮은 매출상승 기여도, 디자인전문기업과 디자인수요기업 간 불신으로 지속적 협력 체계구축 실패 등 3가지로 분류하고, 디자인전문기업과 수요기업의 올바른 협력을 위한 방안으로 4가지를 제시하였다. 지원방향과 목적은 직접적인 디자인개발의 지원이 아니라 수요기업에서 디자인을 도입과 활용의 활성화 지원으로 재 설정하고. 설정된 목적의 달성을 위해 수요기업 대상디자인개발 관련 세미나 강화, 지원대상 선정 시 디자인개발 결과물의 활용계획(생산, 판매, 마케팅 등)에 대한 평가 강화, 시각(포장)디자인개발, 제품 디자인 개발 분리시행, 디자인 전문기업(디자인 전문인력)에 대한 재교육 강화 및 적극적인 참여 유도의 이행내용을 통해 디자인전문기업의 경쟁력이 수요 기업의 고부가가치로 이어지고 다시 디자인에 대한 재투자로 이어지는 선순환 구조를 정착시킬 수 있기를 기대한다. Changes in market such as expending international market, standardizing technology, and increased consumers emotional satisfaction has enlarged the implementation of industrial design, and the application of design in management centered in conglomerates has been expanded as well. The role of design in the international market has been considered as competitiveness of conglomerates, but small and medium sized business that is considered to be the foundation of economy has been struggling due to lack of resources and key competency to continually utilize design and manageability and increased commercialization. This research produced problems and resolutions by analyzing the design support projects" cases. Through this analysis, I have searched for a method to solidify a circular structure that induces the government funding to lead to a cooperation between design companies and hiring entities, where the competitiveness of the design companies will increase the small and medium businesses" value. I have configured the purpose and direction of the funding to be in line with the hiring entities" implementation and application of design, not a direct assistance of design development. In order to meet the configured goals, the demanded companies" strengthening of design development related seminars, visual design development, product design development separation execution, reeducation on design specialists and active participation is presented.

사회적 기업의 가치제고를 위한 디자인 활용 연구

이현규(Lee, Hyungue),이진호(Lee, Jinho) 한국디자인지식학회 2011 디자인지식저널 Vol.20 No.-

사회적 기업은 경제적 취약계층의 경제적 자활과 고용 창출로 노동시장으로 이끌어내고 부족한 사회 복지 서비스를 증대시키고자 하는 사회적 목적을 기업 활동을 통해 자금의 투입을 최소화 하여 자립하고 지속성장이 가능하도록 하는 취지로 국가에서 직접 지원하고 있다. 사회적 기업은 일자리 제공형, 사회서비스 제공형, 지역사회 공헌형, 혼합형 등으로 전국 555개가 광역자치단체나 중앙부처의 추천을 받아 고용노동부 징관의 인증을 거쳐 지정하고 있으며, 445개가 지역형 사회적 기업으로 지방자치단체의 지정을 받아 운영하고 있다. 사회적 기업의 지원정책은 초기단계로 어느 정도 양적 성장의 목적을 가지고 있으며 이에 따라 2012년 까지 약 3,000개 이상의 사회적 기업이 지정 운영 될 전망이다. 하지만 기존 연구를 통해 다수의 사회적 기업은 영세한 상황으로 정부나 지방 자치단체의 지원에 높은 의존도를 보이고 있음을 알 수 있다. 지원의 방향도 초기 단계에서 양적 성장과 기업의 영세성 등의 이유로 고용에 대한 인건비 지원 등 직접적인 재정 지원이 높은 비율을 보이고 있다. 사회적 기업의 지속성과 자립성을 보장 받기 위해서는 기업으로서 시장에서의 경쟁력 확보가 주요한 과제이며, 이에 대한 방안을 디자인의 범위 안에서 연구하여 사회적 기업의 기업 활동에 대해서 디자인분야와의 연관성을 검토하고 디자인을 활용함에 있어 실질적인 방안을 모색하였다. Social enterprise can help to promote economically self-sustaining and make-work for the weak and the vulnerable. It leads them to the labor market as well as it is to boost social welfare service. For these purposes, it has been funded by government in order to promote sustainable growth, self- reliance, and cost minimization method. Social enterprise is composed of four types of specified systems. job-offerings, social welfare services, community contributions, and integrated types. 555 companies have been recommended by metropolitan councilor government as well as it was designated with the certification by minister of Employment and Labor. 445 companies are also operating as social enterprises with the certification. Social corporate welfare is still at an early stage. To achieve quantitative development, more than 3,000 companies expect to be appointed as social enterprise up to 2012. According to some existing studies, most of social enterprises are faced with a difficult situation. Besides, it rather depends on government and the local government support. Support direction is also in the beginning stage. Direct financial aids such as labor costs regarding employment are at the high rate because of quantitative development and small business to name a few. Given this, market competitiveness is the foremost part to ensure sustainability and self-reliance of social enterprise. So, I’ll study the method that meets the requirements focused on design. Taken together, I try to find effective solutions from the relationship between social enterprise activities and design activities in terms of design applications.

지중 금속구조물 부식감시를 위한 측정단자함 인입형 소형 계측 장치개발에 관한 연구(Ⅱ)

이재덕(Lee JaeDuck),배정효(Bae JeongHyo),하태현(Ha TaeHyun),이현구(Lee HyunGu),하윤철(Ha YunChul),김대경(Kim DaeKyeong) 대한전기학회 2004 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2004 No.11

중소기업 디자인개발의 문제점에 관한 분석 연구

이현규(Lee, Hyungue) 한국디자인지식학회 2011 디자인지식저널 Vol.17 No.-

정보화, 디지털화로 대표되는 사회적 변화는 소비자의 만족 요인을 제품의 본질적 특성에서 감성만족이라는 상징적 특성으로 확대를 촉진하면서, 기업들의 디자인개념도 경영전반에 디자인을 접목하는 시도로 이어지고 있으나, 중소기업은 대기업에 비해 부족한 경영자원으로 인해 디자인에 대한 투자나 개발이 쉽지 않은 현실이다. 중소기업의 디자인 전문업체 활용은 경영자원이 부족한 상황에서 저비용 고효율의 효율적인 전략일 수도 있으나, 기업 간 이질성, 커뮤니케이션의 한계, 복잡한 의사결정 등 구조적인 한계로 여러 가지 문제가 발생할 가능성도 크다. 개발 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 문제점을 구체화 하여 중소기업의 관점에서의 문제점과 디자인 전문업체의 관점에서의 문제점으로 구분하여 분석한 결과 디자인개발과 관련한 비용의 신뢰도 있는 산정과 지급 그리고 중소기업과 디자인 전문업체의 커뮤니케이션의 문제가 상호간 높은 빈도로 나타났으며, 양측에 발생하는 문제는 동일한 문제가 각자의 입장에서 반전되어 나타나고 있음을 실증적으로 확인함으로서 양자 간 협력 시 효율성과 성과를 극대화하기 위한 협력의 방향을 설정하는 단초를 제공한다는 점에서 실무자에게 시사하는 바가 크다. The social change of informationization and digitization is accelerating and expanding customer needs from product based satisfaction, classical and fundamental factor, to fulfillment of sensibilities, symbolic factor of modern age. Considerable number of companies have been trying to blend design and business administration together based on the longterm strategical view. However, it is not that successful so far in small and medium business sector. Mainly due to lack of business resources, they have a difficulty with competent investment for design R&D project. To answer the resource deficiency, collective design R&D system, led by specialty design company, could be one of low cost-high efficient alternatives. Under the solution, differences between companies, communicational discordances and bunch of decision-making processes are primary considerations to improve system efficiency. In the study, possible and predictable problems may could be happened in the joint design R&D system are specified and divided into as view of small and medium sized company and specialty design company each. Detailed analysis tells that two factors, effective communication between work parties and trustworthy procedure of cost assessment and payment, have meaningful relevance and high conncetion. Also, this study explains ‘same problem - opposite view’ phenomenon with emprical research and can be a reliable source and reference for the related practitioners who want to maximize it’s efficiency and output of joint design R&D system in small and medium company.

시제품 제작지원을 통한 중소기업 디자인 경쟁력 제고 방안

이현규(Lee, Hyungue),이진호(Lee, Jinho) 한국디자인지식학회 2011 디자인지식저널 Vol.20 No.-

시제품 제작은 금형제작과정 전에 외관 디자인 및 내부기능, 조립성, 양산성 등을 미리 검토, 설계상의 문제점을 사전 파악하고 미비점을 보완하는 등 오류 수정에 의한 개발기간 단축을 통해 제품 개발의 효율성을 높일 수 있으며, 프로젝트의 전반적인 리스크를 감소시킬 수 있어 자체 상품 재발에 있어 필수적인 과정이라 할 수 있다. 그러나 전 산업 대비 충분한 시제품 제작 관련 인프라가 구축되지 못하고 있으며, 지역적으로 서울 경기 지역에 편중되어 있어 지역 산업과 경제의 자립성이 취약하여 지역 외 의존도가 높은 현실이다. 일부 기업지원기관에서 운용하고 있는 시제품 제작 관련 인프라는 장비 대여 형태로 운영되어 시제품 제작의 전 과정의 관리를 통한 양질의 시제품 제작과 제품 양산을 위한 컨설팅을 제공하지 못하고 있다. 이러한 생에서 기업의 시제품제작 관련 실태조시를 통해 문제점을 분석 하였으며, 이를 토대로 중소기업의 경쟁력을 강화하기 위해, 시제품제작 지원의 방향과 효율적인 운영에 대하여 검토하고 지원인프라의 구축방안 등을 제시하였다. 시제품 제작관련 인프라의 구축과 이를 활용한 기업 지원은 관련 물류비, 제작비 등 시제품 제작의 실질적인 비용을 감소시킬 수 있으며, 작업 전 과정 걸친 전문적인 관리로 시제품의 품질을 향상 시킬 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 효과는 기업들의 신제품 또는 디자인 개발에 대한 의지를 고취시켜 자체 생산 브랜드, 제품을 구축하려는 움직임을 확산시킬 것으로 기대된다. Developing a prototype is a work to increase development efficiency with the reduction of developing time by correcting errors. It is one process to remedy design errors in advance through preliminary inspections about external designs, internal functions, assembly, and mass production before prototype-making. In addition, it is an essential to product development in terms of the reduction of general risks. In comparison with previous industry, the prototype-making infrastructure is in a poor condition. At this point, it has been a high level of dependence on outside area. This is a true that self-reliance of both local industry and economy are very vulnerable because it is concentrated in Seoul and Kyong-gi Province. A recent survey about the prototype-making infrastructure conducted by the Enterprise -Supporting Agencies shows that it is operating by only equipment rental. Moreover, it doesn’t provide any appropriate consulting for developing a high-quality products and mass production. Based on this, To enhance the competitiveness of small and medium business, 1 propose the methods of establishing design-supporting infrastructures with analysis of appropriate support directions and efficient managements on prototype-making. The establishing prototype-related infrastructures and business support from its usabilities have some advantages such as reducing distribution and production costs in terms of real cost. Moreover, it could improve prototype quality through professional managements over the working process. It encourages self-motivation about brand-new products as well as design development. According to this, it would be expect to promote establishment of new products and own brands.