3T Multi Voxel Spectroscopy에서 SENSE와 NEX 변화에 따른 정상인 뇌 대사물질 변화 분석

성열훈,임재동,이재현,조성봉,우동철,최보영,Seong, Yeol-Hun,Rhim, Jae-Dong,Lee, Jae-Hyun,Cho, Sung-Bong,Woo, Dong-Chul,Choe, Bo-Young 한국의학물리학회 2008 의학물리 Vol.19 No.4

자기공명분광법(magnetic resonance spectroscopy: MRS)은 인체내 대사물질을 정량분석하여 병변의 조기진단 및 정밀진단에 도움을 주고 있으며, 최근 임상에 이용되고 있는 자기공명분광법은 single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) 기법과 multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS) 기법이 있다. 본 연구에서는 SENSE와 NEX를 변화시킨 multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS)의 데이터와 기존 single voxel spectroscopy (SVS)의 데이터를 비교 분석하여, 각각의 데이터의 유의성 차이를 평가하고자 하였다. 정상 성인 지원자 13명(남자: 5명, 여자: 8명, 평균 41세, 표준편차 11.65세)을 대상으로 chemical shift image (CSI)를 이용한 MVS검사를 시행하였다. 장비는 3.0T Achieva Release Version 2.1 (Philips Medical System, Netherland)을 이용하였고, 8 channel head coil을 사용하여 brain thalamus 부위에서 CSI spectrum을 1 slice 획득하였다. Scan parameter로는 FOV (field of view): $230{\times}184mm^2$, TR (time to repetition): 2000 msec, TE (time to echo): 288 msec, matrix: $15{\times}12$, VOI(view of interest): $110{\times}110mm^2$, voxel size: $15{\times}15{\times}15mm^3$로 하였다. SENSE factor (S)와 NEX (N)는 S1*N1, S2*N1, S2*N2, S3*N2로 변화하여 스펙트럼을 획득하였고, 각 scan time은 5분 54초, 3분 32초, 6분 20초, 4분 20초였다. 얻은 모든 MRS 데이터는 jMRUI 3.0 Version 프로그램에서 분석하였고, SENSE factor와 NEX를 변화시켜 얻은 MVS data 그룹들이 정상 성인 뇌 대사물질의 변화에 영향을 주는지 검증하기 위해 그룹 간에 ANOVA분석을 실행하여 P 값이 0.05보다 크게 나오면 그룹들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없다고 분석하였다. NAA/Cr과 Cho/Cr의 상대적 비율은 MV와 SVS사이에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 즉, SENSE factor와 NEX를 변화시켜 얻은 MVS data에서 정상 성인 뇌조직의 대사물질의 변화를 관찰한 결과, S1*N1의 NAA/Cr은 $1.45{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.88{\pm}0.03$이고, S2*N1의 NAA/Cr은 $1.44{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.05$, S2*N2의 NAA/Cr은 $1.43{\pm}0.02$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.04$이며, S3*N2의 NAA/Cr은 $1.45{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.03$으로 나타났다(F-value : 1.37, D.F : 3, P-value : 0.262). 그러나 데이터의 질을 측정하기 위한 MVS 데이터의 NAA Peak line-width는 SVS 데이터의 NAA Peak line-width 보다 약 3배 정도 넓었다. 본 연구에서는 MVS에서 SENSE factor와 NEX 값을 다양하게 변화시킨 MVS의 데이터와 SVS의 데이터가 큰 차이가 없음을 확인하였다. 즉, 어는 특정 부위의 뇌 조직의 대사물질은 MVS와 SVS 기법 모두 큰 차이가 없음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 MVS는 SVS보다 광범한 부위를 짧은 시간 안에 검사할 수 있으므로 매우 유용한 방법이라고 사료된다. To evaluate the metabolic changes in normal adult brains due to alterations SENSE and NEX (number of excitation) by multi voxel MR Spectroscopy at 3.0 Tesla. The study group was composed of normal volunteers (5 men and 8 women) with a mean ($\pm$ standard deviation) age of 41 (${\pm}11.65$). Their ages ranged from 28 to 61 years. MR Spectroscopy was performed with a 3.0T Achieva Release Version 2.0 (Philips Medical System-Netherlands). The 8 channel head coil was employed for MRS acquisition. The 13 volunteers underwent multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS) and single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) on the thalamus area with normally gray matter. Spectral parameters were as follows: 15 mm of thickness; 230 mm of FOV (field of view); 2000 msecs of repetition time (TR); 288 msecs of echo time (TE); $110{\times}110$ mm of VOI (view of interest); $15{\times}15{\times}15$ mm of voxel size. Multi voxel spectral parameters were made using specially in alteration of SENSE factor (1~3) and 1~2 of NEX. All MRS data were processed by the jMRUI 3.0 Version. There was no significant difference in NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratio between MVS and SVS likewise the previous results by Ross and coworkers in 1994. In addition, despite the alterations of SENSE factor and NEX in MVS, the metabolite ratios were not changed (F-value : 1.37, D.F : 3, P-value : 0.262). However, line-width of NAA peak in MVS was 3 times bigger than that in SVS. In the present study, we demonstrated that the alterations of SENSE factor and NEX were not critically affective to the result of metabolic ratios in the normal brain tissue.

진주산업대학교의 樹木相과 管理에 관한 소고

김우룡,안현철,조현서,추갑철,송재철 진주산업대학교 농업기술연구소 2001 農業技術硏究所報 Vol.14 No.-

This study was carried out to investigate the woody plants of the Chinju National University. Field survey was carried out 3 times from July to October 2000. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1. Among 145 kinds, 88 genera, 53 families of total woody plants, the needle-leaved trees of 28 kinds, 15 genera, 6 families and broad-leaved trees of 117 kinds, 73 genera 47 families were found. 2. Among the 4 investigated districts, area II showed the most abundant woody plants(92 kinds). 3. The endemic woody plants to Korea in Chinju National University were 6 species, They are Pinus koraiensis, Abies koreana, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, Cornus walteri, Carpinus coreana, Gleditsia joponica var. koraiensis. 4. The species of rare and endangered plants were 6 species, There are Corylopsis coreana, Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, Koelreuteria paniculata, Abies koreana, Magnolia kobus, Tsuga siebodii and The exotic woody plants in korea were 59 kinds 41 genera 28 families. 5. The most abundant populations were Thea sinensis(271 populations) and Ilex crenata(247 populations).

단시간 최대운동 방법이 유산소성 파워와 무산소성 파워에 미치는 상호관련성 연구

조현철,김종규 龍仁大學校 2004 용인대학교 논문집 Vol.22 No.-

The purpose of this study was to assess the interrelation of measuring both aerobic and anaerobic power at acute maximal exercise test protocols. It was hypothesized that oxygen consumption increases rapidly during maximal effort and maximal oxygen consumption(VO2 max) may be reached in one minute. subjects were male 11, female 7, performed the following test: 1) standard incremental workload VO2 max test. 2) 30, 45, 60sec wingate anaerobic test as VO2 measured maximal exertion test. All tests were performed on an electrically-braked lodeTM wingate sport ergometer. Peak oxygen consumption values for 30sec(male: 31.16±6.01 ml/min/kg; 62%, female: 27.45±4.68 ml/min/kg; 75%) and 45sec(male: 33.37±5.61 ml/min/kg; 66%, female: 29.14±5.41 ml/min/kg. 49%) tests were significantly lower than VO2 max(male: 50.54±6.29, female: 36.68±5.94). During the 60sec(male: 42.10±7.98 ml/min/kg 83%, female: 33.49±5.41 ml/min/kg; 91%)test, there was no significantly difference in VO2 max from standard incremental workload, demonstrating a plateau effect. There were no significant difference in peak power or peak power in time on 30sec, 45sec, 60sec wingate test, as expected, mean power were significantly difference these test. It was concluded that VO2 max was high interrelation during the 60sec test than 30sec and 45sec. Furthermore high correlation in peak power, peak power in time for 45sec and 60sec precludes the necessity for aerobic and anaerobic tests longer than the 30sec wingate test.

운동 직후 고온 침수가 EPOC와 TG/ fatty acid cycling에 미치는 영향

조현철,김종규,강민철,홍완표,박노혁 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 2005 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.15 No.1

The purpose this study was to estimate effects of EPOC and TG/fatty acid cycling on warm water immersion of immediately after exercise. To elucidate the role of fatty metabolism, a sequence of five experiments was performed. Seven physically active, male subjects volunteered to participate in the presented study. The mean values for age, body mass and hight were 25±1.52 yr, 79.2±9.52kg, 177.2±4.62cm, respectively. After giving consent, participant visited the laboratory on six occasion: 1) 30min of treadmill exercise VO2max 55% and a further 60min recovery, 2) 30min partial body warm water immersion in a 39℃ and a further 60min recovery, 3) 30min whole body warm water immersion in a 39℃ and a further 60min recovery, 4) 30min of treadmill exercise VO2mas 55% and in 30min partial body warm water immersion in a 39℃, 5) 30min of treadmill exercise VO2max 55% and in 30min whole body warm water immersion in a 39℃. When compared by recover period within repeat on the base of changes of subjects average body temperature, not effective interactions among repeat. However, partial and whole body warm water immersion immediately after exercise shows it as the best effective exercise for VO2max 55%, partial and whole body warm water immersion. When compared by recover period within repeat on the base of changes of subjects EPOC, effective interactions among repeat(p<.05). Partial and whole body warm water immersion immediately after exercise shows it as the best effective exercise for VO2mas 55%, partial and whole body warm water immersion. The catecholamines concentration was significantly higher partial and whole body warm water immersion than exercise of VO2max 55%(p<.05). The TG concentration and free fatty acid was significantly higher partial and whole body warm water immersion immediately after exercise than exercise of VO2max 55% than Partial and whole body warm water immersion(p<.05). Based on the facts that we have discussed above, human metabolism is increased by both exercise and conditions of immersion and partial and whole body warm water immersion immediately after exercise than exercise of VO2maw 55% shows it as better effective treatment for increasing TG/Fatty acid cycling activation. Due to extremely heavy stress complained by subjects during whole body immersion, it is thought that more researches on it should be required.

기능상실한 이식신의 절제

조원현,남창우,김천일,주일,박성배,김현철 大韓移植學會 1994 Korean Journal of Transplantation Vol.8 No.1

볼프하르트 판넨베르크(Wolfhart Pannenberg)의 칼바르트(Karl Barth) 삼위일체론 비판에 대한 시간론적 고찰

조현철 연세대학교 신과대학 2002 신학논단 Vol.30 No.-

칼 바르트는 계시록에 나타난 하나의 그림을 그의 시간론을 설명하며 즐겨 사용한다. 하나의 문이 있다. 그 문을 두드리는 소리가 있다. 그 문으로 오신 성자 예수, 그 그림에는 그리스도가 그 문까지 오신 과거로부터 현재로 오심뿐만이 아니라 이후 두드리는 소리를 듣고 문을 열 때 들어오셔서 함께 즐거워하며 계실 미래적 모습이 함축되어 있는 것이다. 이에 성부 하나님 역시 그러한 예수를 보내시며 함께 하시는 모습이 그려져 있고 또한 이러한 그림을 인식하며 알게 하고 문을 열도록 마음을 움직이시는 성령의 창조적인 힘이 그려져 있는 것이다. 칼 바르트는 이러한 그림을 통하여 그의 시간론을 삼위일체 하나님의 이해 속에서 그려내고 있다. 이와 같이 칼 바르트가 설명하고자 하는 성부, 성자, 성령의 구분되지만 분리되지 않는 사역의 상호 관계성을 이해하지 못한다면 성부, 성자, 성령이 역사의 선상에 순차적으로 각각의 역할을 수행하는 것으로 이해하든지, 아니면 성령이 성부의 영, 성자의 영으로서 독자적인 위격을 상실하고 성부와 성자에게 종속되는 것으로 판단하든지, 또한 판넨베르크의 비판 내용처럼 칼 바르트의 삼위일체론을 계시의 주체인 성부에게 집중시켜 성자와 성령의 의미를 축소하는 것으로 이해하게 된다. 그러나 그러한 이해는 앞에서 살펴본 것처럼 시간론을 통해 극복될 수 있다.

장기간 댄스스포츠가 혈중 지질 및 효소 활성도에 미치는 영향

조현철,김준희,한주희 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 1999 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.9 No.1

The purpose of this study was to assay effect on blood lipid and ezyme activity during 20 weeks of dance sport and acute exercise. Ten females participated in dance sport program(90min./day. 2day/week) for 20 weeks. The results were obtained as follow : 1. CHOL and TG were decreased during dance sport program but no significant, also no significant between before exercise and after. 2. Amylase, Lipase, GGT and LDH were slightly increased during dance sport program but no significant, however, GOT was significantly(p<.05) increased between after 10 weeks and after 20 weeks. Also, LDH was significantly(p<.05) increased before exercise and after 10 weeks only in acute exercise variance. Conclusively, it is showed that CHOL and TG were decreased and enzyme activity was increased induced 20 weeks of dance sport program and acute exercise. It is suggested that dance could be serviceable effectively not only leisure but also good for health.

남·여 레슬링 선수들의 비 시즌 동계훈련이 무산소성 파워 및 혈중 젖산과 암모니아농도에 미치는 영향

조현철,장호성,김종규 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 2003 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.13 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an 8wk winter training program on body composition, anaerobic power and blood fatigue components. To examine this question, 6 males and 6 females amateur athletic wrestlers were randomly assigned to supervised an 8wk winter training program. Lactate, amonia concentration was measured before and wingate anaerobic test after 4wk to 8wk exercise program. Body composition was determined from electric impedance absorptiometry, wingate anaerobic test from a Lode wingate test to 30" . Results showed that body composition just changed in male, but muscle mass did not change in female. Male and female amateur athletic wrestlers increased anaerobic peak power and mean power all. Blood lactate and ammonia concentration decreased when measured 4wk into 8wk to the training program, but female amateur athletic wrestlers increased it. These results suggest that winter training program for amateur athletic wrestlers should be alter body composition, anaerobic power and blood fatigue components in winter training program.

투기종목 선수들의 무산소성 역치의 특성

조현철,송순천,김춘경,김의영,안용규,이규석,김학렬 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 1991 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.1 No.1

The purpose of the present study is to determine the levels of maximal oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold of boxing players(n=23), ken-do players(n=18), Judo players(n=12), T.D.K players(n=18). Treadmill test was used to measure maximal state and anaerobic threshold of metabolic variables. Treadmill exercises protocol was 2-min incremental test from an initial work load of 0MPH(grade : 0%) to all-out by step of 1.0MPH(grade : 2%). The results of measurement was as follows : 1. Absolute(1/min) and relative(ml/kg/min) maximal oxygen uptake was highest(5.08l/min, 65.01 ml/kg/min) in Judo layers, followed in order by the T.D.K players (4.37l/min, 64.74 ml/kg/min), Boxing players(4.18) l/min, 63.19 ml/kg/min) and ken-do players(3.81l/min, 58.65 ml/kg/min). It is not significant difference in the relative maximal oxygen uptake, but is significant difference between group in the absolute maximal oxygen uptake(p<0.001) 2. AT-VO₂(l/min) and AT-VO₂(ml/kg/min) in the anaerobic threshold was highest (3.71 l/min, 47.28 ml/kg/min) in Judo players, followed in order by the T.K.D players(3.29 l/min, 48.75 ml/kg/min), boxing players(2.90 l/min, 43.91 ml/kg/min) and ken-do players(2.82 l/min, 43.52 ml/kg/min). It is not significant difference in the AT-V02(ml/kg/min), but is significant difference between group in the AT-V02(l/min). (p<0.001) 3. %HRmax and %V 02max in the anaerobic threshold was not significant difference between group.

開設藥師와 病院藥師의 健康生活 및 職務滿足度와 關聯要因 硏究

趙南春,南喆鉉 대한보건협회 2000 대한보건연구 Vol.26 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the health behaviors and affecting factors on the job satisfaction of pharmacists working at community pharmacy and hospital pharmacy. Subjects served for this study consisted of 1,180 pharmacists including 844 pharmacists working at community pharmacy and 336 hospital pharmacists. Data were collected through questionnaire survey for 4 months from 1st May to 31st August in the year 1998. The results were as follows: (1) The general characteristics among the subjects showed that the pharmacists working at community pharmacy were predominantly more male(M : F ratio = 54.1 : 45.9), higher age, and higher married status than hospital pharmacists who are predominantly more female(M : F ratio = 9.2 : 90.8). Also the pharmacists working at community pharmacy described that they have more concerns on their own health status, exercises and drug medications for healthy life, but showed higher frequency of smoking and alcohol drinking rather than hospital pharmacists. (2) The job satisfactions of the pharmacists working at community pharmacy were influenced by several factors such as their own healths, family-member, good residential environment, good relationship with their neighborhood, and community activities. On the other hand, the job satisfactions of hospital pharmacists were increased according to higher age, married status, and the longer working career. The comparison of the job satisfactions between two groups showed that hospital pharmacists responded positively to the levels of self-developments, work loads, working times, and incomes, but they were negative to acknowledgements to their job professional levels from others. (3) The positive factors related to job satisfactions among the pharmacists working at community pharmacy were higher incomes, proper work loads, speciality perceived by themselves, the levels of self-developments, and good acknowledgements to their job professional levels from others. But those among hospital pharmacists were the levels of self-developments, work loads, speciality perceived by themselves, working times, and incomes in these orders. (4) The comparison of the correlations between job satisfactions and the factors of two groups showed that in case of the pharmacists working at community pharmacy, the important factors were incomes, the levels of self-developments, work loads, speciality perceived by themselves, etc. in these orders, but in case of hospital pharmacists, those were work loads, the levels of self-developments, working times, acknowledgements to their job professional levels from others and age levels. And incomes was lower-level factor on job satisfactions. (5) Pharmacists who always managed their physical fitness showed the higher levels in job satisfactions than the pharmacists who did not. From the results of this study, it was found that the job satisfactions of the pharmacists working at community pharmacy and hospital pharmacists were influenced by working loads, the levels of self-developments, speciality perceived by themselves and acknowledge-ments to their job professional levels perceived by themselves. And it was recommended that the managing authorities should build up the facilities for physical fitness and welfare facilities for the employee, and offer the employee chance of self-actualization through education and information supply of clinical pharmacy.