Human Security-Development and the New Regionalism Discourse in Southern Africa

Hwang Kyu-Deug 한국외국어대학교 아프리카연구소 2007 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.21 No.-

Out of a long history of colonial and racist confrontation, Southern Africa embraces the basic tenets of human security-development and regionalism. Southern Africa in a post-apartheid era is an emerging region in transition from protracted colonial, apartheid and civil wars. Hence, it is a region which requires a cautious approach to security and development. The region's abundant resources in the form of rich and varied mineral resources, natural and wildlife resources and undeveloped human resources, are still to be secured to the benefit of the region's people. Moreover, the Southern African region is a region with a multiracial and multiethnic population. This region has not only experienced a long history of racial wars, but also established interstate and intercommunity-based economic, social and cultural connections. This implies that the Southern African region is placed with challenges as well as opportunities to constitutes the foundations around which a prosperous region must evolve. In particular, give the fact that underdeveloped situation from multi-sectors, including political, economic, military, societal and environmental sectors, human security-development and regional cooperation must thus provide strategies for promoting the discourse of accommodation while managing conflicts in the region. Within this context, this paper defines the concept of human security-development with looking for the interrelationship between human security and human development. In doing so, it will examine human development linked to human security in Southern Africa. Thereafter, it will conclude with projecting the new regionalist discourse to be applied to the concepts of human security-development in Southern Africa.

The Orientalism of Language in Ethiopia

Hwang, Kyu Deug Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. Graduate Sch 2000 Journal of international studies Vol.1 No.2

Revisiting Regional Security Mechanisms in Southern Africa

Hwang, Kyu-Deug(황규득) 한국아프리카학회 2014 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.42 No.-

본 논문은 1998년부터 2004년 기간 동안 발생한 콩고민주공화국의 분쟁과 역내 지역기구인 남부아프리카개발공동체(SADC)의 지역안보 및 분쟁관리 메커니즘에 초점을 두어 살펴보고 있다. 또한 아파르트헤이트 시기에 전선국가체제(FLS), 남부아프리카개발조정회의(SADCC)로 출발하여 진화 발전한 지역안보체제의 관점에서, 본 논문은 남부아프리카 개발공동체(SADC)의 정치방위안보기구(SADC Organ on Politics, Defence and Security: OPDS) 설립과 이 기구의 지역안보 문제에 대한 접근방식, 의미 및 한계점을 다루고 있다. 특히, 본 논문은 역사적 변화의 상황 속에서 새롭게 발전해온 남부아프리카 지역안보 메커니즘을 살펴 보기 위해 남부아프리카개발공동체(SADC)가 어떠한 방식과 성격 및 양상으로 콩고민주공화국 분쟁을 접근하여 다루고 있는지에 주안점을 두고 살펴보고 있다. This article reviews the regional security mechanisms with a special focus on the emergence of SADC Organ and conflict management in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) crisis (1998-2004). In fact, one year after the regional involvement in the DRC in 1998 a SADC intervention demonstrated the inability of the SADC Organ to fulfil its functions. In this context, the article illuminates how conflict management in the DRC crisis has been developed in particular terms of the regional level, with the purpose to understand the type and nature of eclectic security cooperation/integration in the region. In doing so, the article attempts to emphasize the historical evolvement of regional security structures such as the FLS, SADC(C) and the OPDS(C) showing that the ‘regional states’ are concerned with seeking structural stability to enhance the regional security community in Southern Africa. Given the haphazard and ad hoc SADC interventions in the DRC, the restructuring of the OPDS can be seen as an important development in setting out the primary goals for SADC security integration.

Reviewing South Africa’s Economic Role in Africa

Hwang, Kyu Deug(황규득) 한국아프리카학회 2013 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.39 No.-

1994년 첫 민주선거 이후, 남아프리카공화국(이하, 남아공)은 국제사회에서 공식적으로 민주정부로 인정을 받아 아프리카 역내에서 주도적인 역할을 할 것으로 주목을 받았다. 특히, 대아프리카와의 경제관계에 있어 서 남아공은 해외투자와 무역에서 주도적인 역할을 하고 있다. 실제로 아프리카 대륙 내에서 남아공은 자본, 상품, 인구이동을 촉진시키는데 핵심적인 역할을 한다. 그러나 본 논문은 아프리카와의 경제관계에서 탈아파르트헤이트 시기 주도적인 면모를 보이고 있는 남아공의 경제적 역할이 과연 어떠한 성격과 양상을 띠며 발전해왔는지에 대한 의문을 던진다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 논문은 아파르트헤이트가 종식된 1994년부터 2000년대 중반까지인 탈아파르트헤이트 시기 첫10년 기간을 중심으로 남아공의 경제적 역할이 아프리카 대륙에 제기한 기회와 도전에 주목하면서 남아공-아프리카 경제관계를 재고찰하는데 주된 목적을 가지고 있다. 국제사회로부터 따돌림을 받은 아파르트헤이트 정권에서 정당성을 입증 받은 민주국가로의 재부활은 남아공 정부에게 국제사회와 특히 아프리카 역내 국가들과의 관계 속에서 새로운 리더십을 요구 받고 있다. 이러한 틀 속에서 남아공 경제계는 아프리카와의 경제관계에 있어서 광산과 에너지 영역을 뛰어 넘어 소매업, 건축, 제조업, 교통, 통신을 포함한 보다 폭넓은 영역에서의 주도적인 역할자로 부상하였다. 그러나 탈아파르트헤이트 시기 아프리카에서 남아공의 이러한 경제적 역할 부상은 아프리카 국가들에게 복잡한 이해와 도전을 제기하였다. 비록 이 시기 남아공은 아프리카 대륙 내에서 주요한 해외 투자국으로 부상하였으나 남아공의 경제적 역할은 그 성격, 본질, 및 특징 면에서 비평적 재고찰이 요구된다. 따라서 본 논문은 이러한 관점 하에서 특별히 남아공-아프리카 간 무역과 투자 관계의 성격과 특징을 중심으로 상기에서 제시한 문제점을 다루고 있다. Following its first democratic elections in 1994, South Africa officially rejoined the international community of nations and immediately encountered expectations that it would provide leadership on the African continent. In terms of economic dimension, in particular, South Africa has asserted its presence on the continent through foreign investments and trade in Africa. In doing so, South Africa has become an important player in driving the flow of capital, goods and people on the continent. However, it is important to raise such a question that whether and how South Africa as the strongest economy in Africa has played its economic role on the continent. In this context, the paper attempts to reflect on South Africa’s economic role in Africa since the end of Apartheid era until the middle of 2000s with focusing on the challenges and opportunities that the role has created. Experiencing the transition from pariah to legitimate player, thus, the international prestige attached to South Africa’s democratic transition has conferred a new leadership role on the region’s prospects and projects. In this sense, the paper argues that South African businesses have emerged as the leading investors on the continent let alone the mining and energy sectors. In addition, South African businesses have been involved in various economic sectors including retail, construction, manufacturing, transport and telecommunications. However, the prominence of South Africa as a new economic player in Africa has proposed complexities and challenges associated with post-Apartheid South Africa’s role on the continent. Although South Africa has been an active foreign investor in many African countries in the post-Apartheid period, yet, South Africa’s active economic involvement in the continent needs to be critically reconsidered within the context of the nature, character and type of South Africa’s economic relations with the other African countries. Thus, the paper tries not only to illuminate the character of South Africa’s trade relations with the rest of Africa but also to deal with the nuanced understanding of South Africa’s investment in Africa.

Language Policy in Kenya With a Special Reference to Education

Hwang, Kyu Deug 한국외국어대학교 아프리카연구소 2011 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.30 No.-

Kenya is a typical case of a multilingual society. However, it is argued that the Kenyan languages should include not only Kiswahili but also English as major languages. In fact, English is the exoglossic official language used in government, diplomacy and international arena while Kiswahili is the endoglossic national language that is used for government affairs and also used as a lingua franca facilitating the inter-ethnic communication. Nevertheless, it is important to note that Kiswahili itself is as extrinsic to most rural people as is English, and, only a small proportion who claim to speak are able to engage in serious conversation. The other indigenous and nomadic Kenyan languages are largely used for daily activities to communicate in homes and rural areas. Within the context of language policy for education in the complex language situation in Kenya, there exist some important socio-linguistic problems to be addressed in order to achieve a much more balanced and sustainable multilingual society. This paper recognizes the importance of such meanings and values that the historical experiences of language policy in Kenya should be put into serious consideration. Thus, it is to explore the colonial period of Kenyan language policy that impacted substantially on post-colonial language policy. Following these historical evolutions of language policy in Kenya, the paper attempts to link the main issue of language policy to education in relations to human rights.

Subregionalism as a response to security challenges?

Hwang Kyu-Deug 한국외국어대학교 아프리카연구소 2004 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.17 No.-

The central question addressed by this paper is whether and to what extent ASEAN and SADC provide a regional response to the security challenges of globalisation. In this regard, it will illuminate how subregional security concerns are changing and transforming in relation to global politics. Within this context, the paper will compare the differential characteristics of ASEAN and SADC in dealing with intra-regional security issues with a view to understanding the type and nature of each subregionalism as political projects for 'region-making' and 'region-building'.

Challenges to Regional Security in West Africa

Hwang, Kyu-Deug(황규득) 한국아프리카학회 2018 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.54 No.-

탈냉전이 도래한 후, 이데올로기 대치로 인한 서구 강대국들의 아프리카 개입은 종식되었지만, 이는 곧 국제정치의 변화된 환경을 예고하였다. 이러한 상황 속에서, 서부아프리카경제공동체(ECOWAS)는 지역안보와 안정을 위협하는 분쟁을 스스로 관리해야 할 책임을 떠 맡게 되었다. 비록, 분쟁예방, 관리 및 해결에 있어 제도적 발전에 대한 역내 회원국들 간 일치되지 못한 의견 대립이 존재하였으나, 제도적 진전은 나이지리아 주도로 임시방편적 메커니즘(ECOMOG)이 탄생되게 되었으며, 추후 보다 법적 및 제도적으로 강화된 메커니즘으로 발전되었다. 아프리카연합(AU)의 평화안보 틀 속에서 안보 메커니즘을 발전시킨 대다수 아프리카 지역기구들과는 달리, ECOWAS는 AU가 고안해 낸 지역안보 체계들을 이미 1990년대에 발전시켰다는 점에서 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 이러한 맥락과 배경 하에서, 본 논문은 먼저 지역안보에 대한 이론적 고찰을 한 후에 서부아프리카에서 다양한 지역안보 도전/과제들에 대한 대응에 초점을 두어 살펴보고자 한다. Since the end of the Cold War, the ideological confrontation that had shaped the interventions of the great powers in African countries came to an end, paving the way for a transformed milieu of international politics. Within this context, ECOWAS had to take responsibility and deal with conflicts jeopardizing regional security and stability. Driven by the lead state of Nigeria calling for ‘a coalition of willing states, however, ECOWAS rode out the absence of a legal framework for intervention by initially generating ad-hoc mechanisms and, afterwards, more permanent structures through a systemic search for conflict prevention and conflict management tools to deal with the more widened and complicated security paradigms in the region. Distinguished from the other regional economic communities (RECs), which have developed their security mechanisms within the framework or under the influence of the African Union (AU) peace and security architecture, ECOWAS’s attempts in this field predate AU initiatives. Given that it developed its own conflict prevention and management framework, inspired more than anything by the West African political context in the 1990s, moreover, the performance of ECOWAS is worthy of being attentive to its own security experiences and the particular nature of instability in the region. Against the backdrop of these contextual meanings of ECOWAS as a regional security entity, the paper tries to reflect on the ECOWAS response to the various regional security challenges in West Africa, which followed by discussing some theoretical foundations to be reckoned with.

Constructing Politico-Security Regionalism in Southern Africa - The Case of SADC

Kyu Deug Hwang 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2007 Journal of International and Area Studies Vol.14 No.1

  This paper analyzes the mechanisms of politico-security regionalism in SADC with a special focus on the SADC Organ and the emergence of the SADC Mutual Defense Pact in 2003. The primary aim of this paper is not only to investigate the regional organization’s methods of how to approach regional security issues, but also to question whether and to what extent SADC provides a regional response to security challenges. In doing so, emphasizing the utility of constructivism, this paper argues that SADC attempts to construct the politico-security regionalism which is made and remade by the regional member states in the post-Cold War era.

Critiquing Liberal Peacebuilding in Libya

( Kyu-deug Hwang ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2020 The Mediterranean Review Vol.13 No.2

Since the collapse of the Qaddafi regime in 2011, Libya has suffered from recurring cycles of political, social, security and economic crises that generate frustration and threaten the recovery altogether. In the absence of a functioning state, in particular, the broader Sahel and Maghreb regions have become increasingly vulnerable and the southern part of Libya has been threatened to become a breeding ground for terrorist groups within striking distance of Europe. In this context, the paper tries to critique the main reasons why the West has strived to promote the project of liberal peacebuilding in the aftermath of the downfall of Gaddafi regime in Libya. Given that the ideas and values of liberal peace which the West attempted to introduce in Libya triggered the country fell into prolonged civil war among various divisions, therefore, the paper argues that liberal peacebuilding driven by the western interventions should be reconsidered and an emphasis needs to be given to indigenous peacebuilding approaches.

Depigmentation of skin and hair color in the somatic cell cloned pig

Hwang, Kyu-Chan,Cho, Seong-Keun,Lee, Seong-Hoon,Park, Jong-Yi,Kwon, Deug-Nam,Choi, Yun-Jung,Park, Chankyu,Kim, Jae-Hwan,Park, Keun-Kyu,Hwang, Seongsoo,Park, Soo-Bong,Kim, Jin-Hoi Wiley-Liss, Inc. 2009 Developmental dynamics Vol.238 No.7

<P>Previously, we have successfully produced nine cloned piglets using Duroc donor cells. Among these clones, one showed distinct depigmentation of the skin and hair color during puberty. In this study, we selected a clone with depigmentation to investigate the etiology of the anomaly in somatic cell nuclear transfer. We hypothesized that genes related to Waardenburg syndrome (Mitf, Pax-3, Sox-10, Slug, and Kit) are closely associated with the depigmentation of pig, which was derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (scNT). Total RNA was extracted from the ear tissue of affected and unaffected scNT-derived pigs, and the transcripts encoding Mitf, Pax-3, Sox-10, and Slug, together with the Kit gene, were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, sequenced, and analyzed. The cDNA sequences from the scNT pig that showed progressive depigmentation did not reveal a mutation in these genes. Although we did not find any mutations in these genes, expression of the genes implicated in Waardenburg syndrome was severely down-regulated in the affected scNT pig when compared with unaffected scNT pigs. This down-regulation of gene expression may result in a previously undescribed phenotype that shows melanocyte instability, leading to progressive loss of pigmentation. Developmental Dynamics 238:1701–1708, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>