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황선희,오동진,김범,김대중,오하영,최상희,안홍준,김윤구,허우성,강우헌,이방훈,서기현,이숭구,김보현 대한신장학회 1999 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.18 No.1
Background:The kidney size is important in differentiating many renal diseases. Some studies have been reported about the normal kidney size in the foreign countries. However, no studies were performed by using ultrasonography in Korea. Therefore, we investigated the normal kidney length, the factors affecting the kidney length and the relationship of each other. Methods:One thousand three hundred eighty eight healthy Koreans were scanned for the kidney length by ultrasonography and were measured for their body index(height, weight, body surface area, total body water, and fat free mass). We analyzed the association between kidney length and body index. Results:Eight hundred four male and five hundred eighty four female were involved in this study and their mean age was 47.8?10.3 in male, 48.1?9.5 in female. 1) The average value of left and right kidney was 10.65±0.80cm, 10.50?0.78cm respectively, and the left kidney was greater than right one(P$lt;0.01). 2) The difference between male and female was 10.77cm, 10.49±0.78cm respectively in the left kidney and 10.66±0.76cm, 10.27±0.75cm in the right kidney(P$lt;0.01). 3) The aging process nearly does not affects the kidney size from 4th decade to 7th decade. However, the kidney size is getting smaller after 8th decade. 4) The correlation coefficient between the kidney size and height, weight, body surface area, total body water, fat free mass was 0.37, 0.41, 0.43, 0.37, 0.38(P$lt;0.01) respectively. Conclusion:The kidney length showed normal distribution in normal Korean adult and the length greater than 12.36cm, smaller than 8.76cm means out of its range of normal(±2SD) irrespective of sex and position. The body surface area has the largest correlation with kidney size in both sex(r=0.38/0.44; left/right, P$lt;0.01).
Adaptive haptic rendering for time-varying haptic and video frame rates in multi-modal interactions
Hwang, Sun-Uk,Lee, Beom-Chan,Ryu, Jeha,Lee, Kwan H.,Lee, Yong-Gu John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 2010 Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds (Print) Vol.21 No.1
<P>In multi-modal interactions including haptics, problems such as input sensor noise, temporal mismatch between graphics and haptics, and non-constant refresh rates may cause non-smooth force/torque display. This paper proposes temporal smoothing technique for haptic interaction using a sensing glove in multi-modal applications. The proposed technique employs two processes: (1) a noise reduction method is applied to reduce jitter noise at the sensors in the sensing glove and (2) an adaptive force extrapolation is applied for time-varying haptic and video frame rates. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed method, we developed a test platform to assess a simple box model and relatively complex models such as gamephone, portable media player (PMP). It was subsequently demonstrated that the proposed method can support smooth haptic interactions in multi-modal applications where a haptic device and a sensing glove are used. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>This paper proposes a temporal smoothing technique for an interactive and smooth interaction using a haptic device and a sensing glove for multi-modal applications. The proposed technique employs a noise reduction method to reduce jitter noise in the sensing glove and an adaptive force extrapolation to alleviate the force discontinuity due to the time varying haptic and video frame rates. Through the exemplary applications and subjective user evaluation, the performance of proposed method was evaluated. <img src='wiley_img/15464261-2010-21-1-CAV328-gra001.gif' alt='wiley_img/15464261-2010-21-1-CAV328-gra001'> </P>
Gu, Dong Ryun,Hwang, Jin-Ki,Erkhembaatar, Munkhsoyol,Kwon, Kang-Beom,Kim, Min Seuk,Lee, Young-Rae,Lee, Seoung Hoon Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medic Vol.2013 No.-
<P><I>Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herbich</I> var. <I>latilobum Kitamura</I>, known as “Gujulcho” in Korea, has been used in traditional medicine to treat various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. However, these effects have not been tested on osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells that regulate bone metabolism. Here, we investigated the effects of <I>C. zawadskii</I> Herbich var. <I>latilobum</I> Kitamura ethanol extract (CZE) on osteoclast differentiation induced by treatment with the receptor activator of NF-<I><I>κ</I></I>B ligand (RANKL). CZE inhibited osteoclast differentiation and formation in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of CZE on osteoclastogenesis was due to the suppression of ERK activation and the ablation of RANKL-stimulated Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>-oscillation via the inactivation of PLC<I><I>γ</I></I>2, followed by the inhibition of CREB activation. These inhibitory effects of CZE resulted in a significant repression of c-Fos expression and a subsequent reduction of NFATc1, a key transcription factor for osteoclast differentiation, fusion, and activation <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I>. These results indicate that CZE negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation and may be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of various bone diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis.</P>
비디오 관찰법을 활용한 저상버스 이용자 행동 패턴에 관한 연구
황보환(Hwan Hwang Bo),김지연(Ji Yeon Kim),진범석(Beom Suk Jin),지용구(Yong Gu Ji),황봉하(Bong Ha Hwang),문영주(Young Joo Moon) 대한인간공학회 2010 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.10
With the diffusion of Universal Design, interest in low-floor bus for the mobility handicapped person is increasing. In this study, we observed behavior patterns of passengers who are using low-floor bus based on video observation method. We investigated behavior patterns of passengers in Context of Use perspective. The components used in this Context of Use analysis were derived in consideration of various passengers, situations, and equipment. Drawing on these components, total 16 user behavior patterns are induced. The analysis of the usage case in correspondence with each behavior pattern showed that passengers demand more supportable equipment and individual behavior convenience including setting their personal belongings. We expect that the result of this study enables to understand major discussions of existing low-floor bus and to provide direction for designing next-generation city bus.