홧병 경험군과 홧병 비경험군간의 홧병의 질병개념에 대한 비교연구

홍진표,김창윤,이창화,김성윤,박인호,이철,한오수 울산대학교 의과대학 1995 울산의대학술지 Vol.4 No.2

Objective The concept of Hwa-byung in terms of illness entity remains vague. In order to clarify such illness entity, this study was conducted to find out differences and similarities in subjects who experienced Hwa-byung and those who did not experienced Hwa-byung from a wide distribution within the general population. Method (1) Test Material The questionnaires were made up with reference to previously published articles on Hwa-byung, to SCL-90-R and to diagnostic criteria of DSM-Ⅲ-R. The questionnaires included the subject's demographic variables, their awareness of Hwa-byung, their experience of Hwa-byung, and also their opinions about its possible causes, precipitating factors, symptomatology, effective treatment modalities, course and prognosis of Hwa-byung. Such questionnaires were given to 50 subjects, all of whom are psychiatric out-patients at Asan Medical Center, for determining its validity and reliability before selecting 27 questionnaires. (2) Subject Subjects were recruited from among patients and their family members who visited the out-patient clinics of seven different departments at Asan Medical Center in Seoul a large metropolis (N=334), the out-patient clinics of seven different departments of Hae Sung General Hospital in the industrial city of Ulsan, Korea (N=299) and the seven branches of the public health center of Yeonchun county, Korea (N=262), a rural area. From these 895 subjects, 67 subjects who don't know about Hwa-byung and 34 subjects who didn't answered to the question on experience were eliminated from study subjects. The final number of study subjects was 794. (3) Methods of analysis The subjects were divided into the Hwa-byung experienced group and the Hwa-byung inexperienced group. The demographic data and the concepts of Hwa-byung were statistically analyzed by the student t-test or the chi-sq test. Results and Discussion The mean age of the Hwa-byung experienced group is significantly higher than that of the Hwa-byung inexperienced group. MOre women experienced Hwa-byung than men and lesser educated subjects experienced significantly more Hwa-byung. The place of residence, the place of upbringing and socioeconomic status have no significant difference statistically between the two groups. Both groups considered the primary cause of Hwa-byung as being psychological origin. However in the Hwa-byung experienced group, more subjects considered that the supernatural factor was the primary cause of Hwa-byung. One of the primary precipitating events causing Hwa-byung in both groups is conflict in interpersonal relationships ; however, the Hwa-byung inexperienced group exhibited more experiences in the realm of economical losses such as "failure of business" or "loss of capital" as precipitating factors causing Hwa-byung. Both groups consider that the symptoms of Hwa-byung are a combination of multiple physical and mental symptoms. With particular respect to in mental symptoms, such as depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and hostility are thought to be prominent features. As effective treatment modalities, subjects in both groups consider that both himself and his family members should make effort to resolve intrafamilial conflicts. But in contrast with the Hwa-byung inexperienced group, the Hwa-byung experienced group requires more concrete and more attention-giving modalities as important treatment strategies. The Hwa-byung experienced group considers its prognosis more grave than the Hwa-byung inexperienced group.

Multinational Lodging Firms’ Foreign Market Development Strategy

Hong,Jung-Hwa 한국문화관광학회 2009 문화관광연구 Vol.11 No.2

The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants which influence the development strategy of multinational lodging firm. Once identified, an attempt was made to determine if there was any relationship which existed between these factors and development strategy choices. This effort was initially influenced by the transaction cost analysis(TCA) which insists firm chooses development strategy which minimize the all costs associated with its integration. Certain unique characteristics of multinational hotel business have been considered when selecting the variables for the empirical research. The empirical framework with eight variables was established and 130 multinational hotel developments were included in the sample and ordered logit model was used to analyzed the sample. The findings from the research included eight hypotheses that explain the relationships among the influential factors and development strategies in the multinational hotels. Although numerous factors appear to influence a company’s particular choice of development strategy in a given situation, uncertainty factors show the most significance.

한국 직업지위 지수

유홍준(Yoo Hong Joon),김월화(Kim Worl Hwa) 한국사회학회 2006 韓國社會學 Vol.40 No.6

사람의 일생에서 생활의 중심이라고 할 수 있는 직업과 관련된 연구는 매우 중요하며, 특히 직업의 위계에 따라 달리 부여되는 직업위세는 한 사회의 계층구조를 드러내는 강력한 지표이기 때문에 이에 대한 연구는 필수적이다. 본 연구의 목적은 ‘한국표준직업분류’에 따른 직업별 직업지위 점수를 산출하고, 지난 25년간 우리나라의 직업지위 변화를 비교분석해 보는 것이다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이전까지의 연구들에서 조사된 주관적 직업위세와 이 연구에서 계산된 직업지위간의 상관관계는 0.87로, 수입과 교육으로 계산된 직업지위와 주관적으로 부여된 직업위세가 상당히 일치하였다. 둘째, 현재 직업지위 구조의 전반적인 양상은 직업대분류에 따라 역(逆)대각선의 형태로 나타났다. 즉, 대분류 1에서 9로 갈수록 평균적 직업지위가 대체로 하강한다. 셋째, 직업지위 결정에 있어서 1975년에는 직업지위에 미치는 영향력에 있어서 교육에 비하여 수입의 영향력이 높았던데 반해, 2000년에는 수입에 비해 교육의 영향력이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 1975년과 2000년의 직업지위를 비교해 보면, 직업지위 간 상관관계가 0.81로 대체로 안정적인 것으로 나타났으며, 직업지위 변화의 대체적인 경향은 상승세이다. 구체적으로 직업대분류별 직업지위의 변화를 살펴보면, ‘0 의회의원, 고위임직원 및 관리자’에 속하는 직업들의 직업지위가 크게 높아졌고, ‘4 서비스 종사자’ 및 ‘5 판매 종사자’의 직업지위는 대체로 상승하였다. 반면에 ‘2 기술공 및 준전문가’ 및 ‘3 사무종사자’는 전반적으로 직업지위가 하락한 것으로 나타났다. 한편 ‘1 전문가’나 ‘6 농업 및 어업 종사자’, ‘7 기능원 및 관련 기능 종사자’, ‘8장치, 기계조작 및 조립 종사자’, ‘9 단순노무 종사자’의 경우에는 일부 직업의 직업지위는 상승한 반면에, 일부 직업의 직업지위는 낮아져서 이중성을 보인다. 다섯째, 1975년에 비해 2000년에는 직업위세와 직업지위간의 상관관계가 낮아지며, 회귀식의 설명력 역시 낮아졌다. 이러한 결과는 직업지위의 결정에 교육과 수입만으로 설명되지 않 는 부분이 더 증가한다는 것을 의미하며, 따라서 직업지위에 영향을 미치는 다른 변인에 대한 연구가 추후 지속적으로 이루어질 필요가 있다. The major purpose of this research is to construct the Occupational Status Score Scheme for Korean occupations based on KSCO(Korean Standard Classification of Occupations).The second purpose is to analyze the trends in changes of status scores during the last 25 years. The equation is withdrawn with the median value of education from 2000 Census and the median value of income from 2002 KLIPS(Korea Labor Institute Panel Survey) as independent variables and with the 'subjective perception for occupational prestige' taken from 2000 Equity Survey as a measure of dependent variable. The results are compared with Hong's(1983) to analyze the patterns of change. The overall pattern of occupational status shows a reversed diagonal line, which represents that the status ranking is higher if the one-digit KSCO score is smaller. During the last 25 years, those occupations in categories number 0, 4, and 5 have experienced increase of occupational status score, while those in categories number 2 and 3 have experienced decrease. The other occupations belong to categories number 1, 6, 7, 8 and 9 have shown a sort of dualistic pattern, some of which are increased while the others are decreased.

수술실 손 소독제의 종류에 따른 균주 수의 변화

홍성윤,김정민,김소영,이수정,오은실,양서인,김화실,김남초 병원간호사회 2006 임상간호연구 Vol.11 No.2

Purpose: The present study purposed to compare the hand washing effect of 7.5% powidone-iodine, which is used in the operation room of C university hospital in Seoul, with that of Ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture recommended by the US Association of Operating Room Nurses (2002) and to adopt a more effective hand disinfectant. Method: In a quasi-experimental design, 48 medical staff who participated in operations during the period from November 2004 to February 2005 had hand washing using the two kinds of hand disinfectants: 7.5% povidone-iodine and the ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture. Their palms were swabbed and cultured just after hand washing and again after taking dff sterile gloves after the operation. The number of colonies from the two occasions were counted and compared. Result: The number of general bacillus increased significantly in the group using 7.5% povidone-iodine compared to that in the group using the ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture. The number of general bacillus increased signficantly in doctors compared to that in nurses. The factors affecting the increase of the number of general bacillus were disinfectants and medical personnel. The number of general bacillus was expected to increase 9.41 times with 7.5% povidone-iodine than with the ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture and 14.87 times in doctors than in nurses. Conclusion: This study shows that the ethyl alcogol-CHG mixture has a stronger hand disinfection effect than 7.5% povidone iodine. Thus we need to change the hand disinfectant used in operating rooms as soon as possible in order to minimize the infection of wounds resulting from operations.

과학(생물)교과 서술형·논술형 평가 문항 자료 개발

홍명지,정화숙 경북대학교사범대학과학교육연구소 2006 과학교육연구지 Vol.30 No.-

주민등록제도 및 주민등록정보활용에 대한 연구 : 개인정보프라이버시 권리 확보를 중심으로

박홍윤,변종화,임동욱 忠州大學校 2003 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.38 No.1

To be progressed in information society, personal information protection is one of the most important things for desirable development of information society. This research investigates personal information infringements and effective protection means in resident registration system and use of resident registration information. First, this research is studied the history of Resident Registration Law(Korea ID law) and need of positive privacy by computer technology improvement, Second, this research evaluated the resident registration system on OECD's privacy protection principles: Collection Limitation, Data Quality, Purpose Specification, Use Limitation, Security Safeguards, Openness, Participation and Accountability. In conclusion, From the previous analysis and normative protection principles, the following alternatives are presented for the privacy protection a. use limitation of resident registration number and revision of the resident registration number system. b. establishment of personal information protective organization which can independently determine personal information protective action and policy. c. government faith restoration to the resident registration system

비호지킨씨 림프종에서 COPBLAM-V 복합화학요법의 치료효과

송홍석,정화영,남계윤 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1993 계명의대학술지 Vol.12 No.2

1989년 3월부터 1992년 6월사이에 계명대학교 의과대학 내과학교실에서 stage II, III 및 IV의 intermediate-grade 림프종환자 29례를 대상으로 COPBLAM-V 복합화학요법으로 치료한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 총 29례 환자 중 18례(62.1%)에서 완전관해,11례(37.9%)에서 부분관해로 총관해율은 100%였고, 나이 조직형 병기 B증상유무에 따른 차이는 없으나 남자는 완해율을 보였다. 전체환자의 중앙생존기간은 36.8개월로 1년, 2년, 3년 4년 생존율은 각기 68.0%, 68.0%, 54.4%, 40.8%였고, 조직형에 따른 생존율의 차이는 없으나 남자와 여자(P 0.025), stage II III IV (p 0.001), Stage A와 B(p 0.001)사이는 유의한 차이를 나타내어, 여자이거나 나이가 많거나 진행병기 그리고 B증상이 동반된 경우 생존율이 낮았다. 각 약제의 RDI는 Cyclophosphamide 0.722, oncovin 0.773, dexamethasone o.785, bleomycin o.763, adriamycin 0.720, procarbazine 0.776로 남녀 연령 조직형 B증상유무 재발유무 및 치료반응에 따른 각 약제의 RDI의 차이는 없었고, RDI와 생존기간과는 서로 상관관계가 없었으나 총림프구수와 생존기간 사이에는 유의한 (p 0.001) 상관관계를 나타내었다. COPBLAM-V치료후 grade III 및 IV의 부작용은 빈혈 13.6%, 백혈구감소증 44.9%, 구토 22.8%, 탈모증 34.5% 그리고 간기능저하와 감염이 각기 3.4%에서 동반되었으며, 이 중 1례에서 패혈증으로 인하여 사망하였다. Between March 1989 and June 1992, 29 patients with advanced stage, intermdiate-grade non Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated with a COPBLAM-V regimen including cyclophosphamide, oncovin, prednisolone, bleomycin, adriamycin, procarbazine. Median age was 45.7 years and 5 patients were 60 years or old. 18 patients(62.1%) achieved a complete response(CR) and 11 patients(37.9%) had a partial response. Of the 18 CRs, 7 patients(38.9%) suffered a relapse. The median survival time was 36.8 months, and 4-year survival rate was 40.8% ad disease free survival for CRs was 55.2% with a median follow-up of 18.6 months. Male gender was negatively associated with respones rate and age greater than 60 years, female sex, stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ, B symptoms, decreased lymphocyte count significantly decreased survival rate. But relative dose intensity of drugs did not influence the outcome. Overall toxicity was acceptible with 1 treatment- related death due to sepsis. The incidence of nonfatal infection was 17.2%.

한국사회의 직업지위에 관한 연구 : 사회경제적 지위를 중심으로

유홍준,김월화 한국직업능력개발원 2002 직업능력개발연구 Vol.5 No.2

The major purpose of this study is to construct a standard scheme for the measurement of the 'occupational status' in Korea. According to the preceding studies in the Western sociology, occupational status index is classified into two categories. First, 'occupational prestige' shows the position of the occupations in the job hierarchy, which represents people's subjective cognition and evaluation. Second, 'occupational socioeconomic status' represents the estimation by the objective features of those. For the purpose mentioned above, it is necessary to construct a valid index on the hierarchy of the occupational socioeconomic status in Korea. In order to do this, this study formulates the regression equation as follows: Y = a + bㆍX_1 + cㆍX_2 (Y: the score of the occupational status; X_1: median of monthly income; X_2: median of the years of education) The result shows that 'managers' and 'professionals' enjoy high scores. In other words, they are at the upper position in the occupational hierarchy. 'Service workers' and 'constructionㆍmachinaryㆍmanufacturing workers' locate in the middle, while the 'workers in agriculture, forestry and fishing' are at the low position. In addition, in case of the same occupational category, the jobs which need elaborated skills and knowledge tend to get higher scores. Our finding is compared with a previous finding by Hong(1983) to figure out the change in occupational status during the last 20 years. The comparison shows that the overall occupational status structure has remained stable.

중국의 보건의료제도 고찰

이홍자,이화인 경인여자대학 1998 경인논집 Vol.- No.7

This study has attempted to know the health care system in post - Mao China. The model developed by the World Health organization was used as the criteria of the analysis in health care system of China. China is a typical country with the socialized health care system before 1976. Before 1976, the health care system of China is entirely under the control of public sector. This study presents the major changes in the health care system of China including decentralization of the public health care system, development of multiple health care providers, increased competition among these providers, and the chosing the health care by the patients. These changes in and around clinics of the Chinese health care system took place between 1976 and 1995. The health care system is inseparable from the social, political and economic development. There is a big economical differences between the rich and the poor. Chinese health care system is influenced by free market system in private sector, and managed by central and country government in public sector. The patients pay the medical fee by fee-for-service in private sector. So it is too difficult to see a doctor for the poor in private clinics. This study is based upon the statistical reports and the literatures.

장애인생활시설의 환경·위생문제 개선 연구 : EM(Effective Microorganism)효과성의 실증적 검증

서화자,김홍남,김광혁 대구대학교 특수교육재활과학연구소 2004 특수교육재활과학연구 Vol.43 No.2

장애인 생활시설의 환경·위생문제 특히, 악취 및 피부질환의 문제 해결에 대한 EM의 효과성을 검증하기 위한 본 연구의 검증 결과는 다음과 같다. 실험대상기관인 A-1원은 사전조사 시 생활시설에서 측정된 평균 악취도 3(대략 2-4)이 사후조사 시 평균 1(대략 1-2) 정도로 감소되었다. 그러나 통제대상기관인 A-2원의 생활시설과 물리치료실, 화장실 등의 경우 사전(악취도 3-4)과 사후검사(악취도 3-4)가 큰 차이가 없게 나타나 실험대상기관을 통한 EM의 효과성 검증을 뒷받침하고 있다. 또한 피부질환을 앓고 있는 A-2원과 A-1원의 생활인을 대상으로 한 EM의 효과검증 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 무좀 질환의 경우, 피부에 나타났던 각질 증상이 크게 호전되었으며, 죽은 손톱과 발톱이 부식되고, 새 손톱과 발톱이 자라나는 현상을 보였다. 그러나 무좀 질환의 경우, 그 호전 정도가 더디게 나타나는 경향이 있었다. 손톱과 발톱이 부식되고 새로 자라나는 시간이 길기 때문인 것으로 풀이된다. 또한 손에 심한 아토피 증상을 보인 생활인의 경우 EM적용 10여일 만에 증상이 완전히 사라지는 효과를 보였으며, 출생 시부터 전신 피부각질 증상에 시달리던 생활인의 경우, 각질이 떨어지고, 새로운 피부가 생성되는 효과를 보였다. 또한, EM의 사용으로 인한 여타 부작용 및 문제는 발생하지 않았다. 이러한 결과에 의한 EM의 효과성 검증은 장애인 생활환경 개선과 위생 증진에 좋은 모델을 제시할 분야가 될 것으로 기대된다. This study verified the effectiveness of EM(Effective Micro-organism) to solve the hygienic and the environmental problems: odour and skin disease in institution of social welfare for persons with disabilities The result is as following below. The average odour degree of A-1 institution before applying EM was 3 (about 2 - 4), and the average odour degree decreased to 1 (about 1 - 2) after applying EM. This experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of EM successfully within a short time(48 days). Second institution, A-2 without EM showed no change in odour degree before or after 48days. This result also proves the effectiveness of EM. Another experiment was proceeded. The EM would be applied to the patients with skin disorder in both A-1 and A-2 institution. The patients with athlete's foot and horny substance were cured. Their dead finer and toe nail would be removed and new nails would grow. However, the patients with athlete's foot seemed to have slower recovery than others because nails take long time to grow. The patients with serious atopic symptoms in their hands had a complete recovery within 10 days and in the case of patients who had horny substance in their skin from their birth, the horny substance was removed and new skin tissue grew. Lastly, there were no signs of side effect from EM application.