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A Comparison of the Effects of Canadian and U.S. Policy Shocks on Canadian Flow-of-Funds Variables
Cohen, Jacob,Husted, Steven 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1987 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.2 No.1
By means of an integrated, two-country flow-of-funds matrix for Canada and the United States, the impacts on the endogenous Canadian variables of four Canadian and U.S. shock variables were compared. The selected exogenous variables were rest of the world gross saving, gross saving of the federal government, financial sources of funds of the central bank and the financial sources of funds of commercial banks. The endogenous variables for thirteen Canadian sectors included gross saving, capital expenditures, net increases in financial assets and increases in liabilities. Perhaps out most valuable finding is that it is not the current account surplus that sparks the Canadian economy but rather capital inflows.
Bio‐available zinc in rice seeds is increased by activation tagging of <i>nicotianamine synthase</i>
Lee, Sichul,Persson, Daniel P.,Hansen, Thomas H.,Husted, Søren,Schjoerring, Jan K.,Kim, You‐,Sun,Jeon, Un Sil,Kim, Yoon‐,Keun,Kakei, Yusuke,Masuda, Hiroshi,Nishizawa, Naoko K.,An, Gynheung Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL Vol.9 No.8
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>We generated rice lines with increased content of nicotianamine (NA), a key ligand for metal transport and homeostasis. This was accomplished by activation tagging of rice <I>nicotianamine synthase 2</I> (<I>OsNAS2</I>). Enhanced expression of the gene resulted in elevated NA levels, greater Zn accumulations and improved plant tolerance to a Zn deficiency. Expression of Zn‐uptake genes and those for the biosynthesis of phytosiderophores (PS) were increased in transgenic plants. This suggests that the higher amount of NA led to greater exudation of PS from the roots, as well as stimulated Zn uptake, translocation and seed‐loading. In the endosperm, the <I>OsNAS2</I> activation‐tagged line contained up to 20‐fold more NA and 2.7‐fold more zinc. Liquid chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed that the total content of zinc complexed with NA and 2′‐deoxymugineic acid was increased 16‐fold. Mice fed with <I>OsNAS2‐D1</I> seeds recovered more rapidly from a zinc deficiency than did control mice receiving WT seeds. These results demonstrate that the level of bio‐available zinc in rice grains can be enhanced significantly by activation tagging of <I>OsNAS2</I>.</P>
Iron fortification of rice seeds through activation of the nicotianamine synthase gene
Lee, S.,Jeon, U. S.,Lee, S. J.,Kim, Y.-K.,Persson, D. P.,Husted, S.,Schjorring, J. K.,Kakei, Y.,Masuda, H.,Nishizawa, N. K.,An, G. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.106 No.51
<P>The most widespread dietary problem in the world is mineral deficiency. We used the nicotianamine synthase (NAS) gene to increase mineral contents in rice grains. Nicotianamine (NA) is a chelator of metals and a key component of metal homeostasis. We isolated activation-tagged mutant lines in which expression of a rice NAS gene, OsNAS3, was increased by introducing 35S enhancer elements. Shoots and roots of the OsNAS3 activation-tagged plants (OsNAS3-D1) accumulated more Fe and Zn. Seeds from our OsNAS3-D1 plants grown on a paddy field contained elevated amounts of Fe (2.9-fold), Zn (2.2-fold), and Cu (1.7-fold). The NA level was increased 9.6-fold in OsNAS3-D1 seeds. Analysis by size exclusion chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy showed that WT and OsNAS3-D1 seeds contained equal amounts of Fe bound to IP6, whereas OsNAS3-D1 had 7-fold more Fe bound to a low molecular mass, which was likely NA. Furthermore, this activation led to increased tolerance to Fe and Zn deficiencies and to excess metal (Zn, Cu, and Ni) toxicities. In contrast, disruption of OsNAS3 caused an opposite phenotype. To test the bioavailability of Fe, we fed anemic mice with either engineered or WT seeds for 4 weeks and measured their concentrations of hemoglobin and hematocrit. Mice fed with engineered seeds recovered to normal levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit within 2 weeks, whereas those that ate WT seeds remained anemic. Our results suggest that an increase in bioavailable mineral content in rice grains can be achieved by enhancing NAS expression.</P>
On the influence of vector design on antibody phage display
Soltes, Glenn,Hust, Michael,Ng, Kitty K.Y.,Bansal, Aasthaa,Field, Johnathan,Stewart, Donald I.H.,Dü,bel, Stefan,Cha, Sanghoon,Wiersma, Erik J. Elsevier 2007 Journal of biotechnology Vol.127 No.4
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Phage display technology is an established technology particularly useful for the generation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The isolation of phagemid-encoded mAb fragments depends on several features of a phage preparation. The aims of this study were to optimize phage display vectors, and to ascertain if different virion features can be optimized independently of each other.</P><P>Comparisons were made between phagemid virions assembled by g3p-deficient helper phage, Hyperphage, Ex-phage or Phaberge, or corresponding g3p-sufficient helper phage, M13K07. All g3p-deficient helper phage provided a similar level of antibody display, significantly higher than that of M13K07. Hyperphage packaged virions at least 100-fold more efficiently than did Ex-phage or Phaberge. Phaberge's packaging efficiency improved by using a SupE strain.</P><P>Different phagemids were also compared. Removal of a 56 base pair fragment from the promoter region resulted in increased display level and increased virion production. This critical fragment encodes a lacZ′-like peptide and is also present in other commonly used phagemids.</P><P>Increasing display level did not show statistical correlation with phage production, phage infectivity or bacterial growth rate. However, phage production was positively correlated to phage infectivity.</P><P>In summary, this study demonstrates simultaneously optimization of multiple and independent features of importance for phage selection.</P>