방사성 폐기물 시멘트 고화체로 부터의 ?? 및 ?? 용출특성 연구

황선태,이경주,최길웅,박헌휘,김환영 대한방사선 방어학회 1985 방사선방어학회지 Vol.10 No.2

방사성폐기물 처리, 처분의 안정성 평가를 위하여 방사성 고화체에서 용출되는 137Cs과 90Sr의 방사능 용출율과 누적용출분율을 계측·분석하여 시멘트를 사용한 방사성 고화체에서 Cs+과 Sr++의 용출특성을 조사하였다. 모의방사성 폐액의 몰농도, 시멘트의 종류, 첨가물질 및 붕산농도 등을 변화시키면서 sodium silicate법과 중화법으로 원주형 시멘트 고화제를 제작하였다. 여기에서 가압경수로형 원자력 발전소의 모의 농축폐액의 시멘트 고화체로부터 용출연구는 IAEA의 추천방법에 따라서 수행되었다. 실험결과는 대부분 이미 보고된 연구자료들과 잘 일치하고 있으나 수밀성 시멘트 고화체에서는 상당히 높은 방사능 용출율을 보여주고 있음으로써 방사성 폐기를 고화체에 그 사용이 적합하지 않음을 알게 된다. For the safety assessment of radwaste treatment and disposal, the leaching characteristics of Cs++ and Sr++ from the cement-solidified radwastes was investigated by means of the survey and analysis of the activity leach rate and cumulative leach fraction of 137Cs and 90Sr leaching from solidified radwastes. The cylindrical cement-solidified samples were made by the sodium silicate method and neutralization method changing the mole density of simulated liquid radwaste, type of cement, adding material and concentration of boric acid. The leaching study was carried out by the method using simulated PWR concentrated liquid radwaste solidified in cement that had been processed following the recommendations of IAEA. All the experimental results are in well accordance with the research data reported previously, but the watertight cement-solidified radwastes show rather high leach rate of radioactivity. It is learned, therefore, that the watertight cement is not adequate as the material for the solidified radwastes.

A Study on Energy Characteristics of Carbonization Residue Derived from the Swine Manure

( Seung-whee Rhee ),( Hyo-hyun Choi ),( Hun-su Park ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2011 ISWA Vol.2011 No.0

A Control on Methane Emission Using Type of Ceramic Support

( Seung-whee Rhee ),( Hyo-hyun Choi ),( Hun-su Park ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2011 ISWA Vol.2011 No.0

A study on Mercury of Component from Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Seung-Whee Rhee,Hun-Su Park,Min-Suk Lee,Jae-Kyung Kim,Hoe-Kyung Jung 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2013 한국폐기물자원순환학회 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.2

Compact fluorescent lamps are strongly encouraged to manage separately in Korea because Compact fluorescent lamps contain mercury. Compact fluorescent lamps have managed as household waste in Korea, however, even though Compact fluorescent lamps contains hazardous material such as mercury. The aim of management of Compact fluorescent lamps separately is to reduce the release of mercury from Compact fluorescent lamp lamps into the environment and to reuse of the glass, metals and other components of Compact fluorescent lamps. The amount of mercury in a fluorescent lamps varies, depending on the type of lamp and manufacturer, but typically ranges between 5 milligrams and 30 milligrams. The mercury content of fluorescent lamps has been reported to be between 0.72 and 115 mg/lamp with an average mercury content of about 30 mg/lamp in 1994. Although manufacturers have greatly reduced the amount of mercury used in fluorescent lamps over the past 20years, mercury is an essential component to fluorescent lamps and can’t be eliminated completely in lamps. In the crushing process, CFL(compact fluorescent lamp) is separated into glass, plastic, ballast, phosphor powder and vapor. Using the crushing technique, concentration of mercury vapor emission from CFL is evaluated. Through the experiments, the efficiency of the crushing and separation for the unit is estimated by measuring the volume of CFL. In this study, the concentration of mercury is analyzed by MVI(Mercury Vapor Indicator) method for vapor in CFL. From the results of mercury distribution for 3 companies, the concentration of mercury in compact fluorescent lamp is less than that in the other type lamps. And phosphor powder has greater than 99% of total mercury amount in CFL and the mercury concentration in phosphor powder is measured between 1,008ppm and 1,349ppm. The mercury concentration in phosphor powder can be changed by the type of company and period of usage. KET and TCLP are carried out for phosphor powder, glass, plastic, ballast and base cap to estimate the hazardous characteristic. From the results of KET and TCLP test for CFL, phosphor powder from CFL should be controlled separately by stabilization or other methods to reuse as a renewable material because the phosphor powder is determined as a hazardous waste. From the results of characteristics of CFL, the carbonization system of CFL should be carried out in the temperature of less than 350℃. The amount of mercury in a fluorescent lamps varies, depending on the type of lamp and manufacturer, but typically ranges between 5 milligrams and 30 milligrams. The mercury content of Compact fluorescent lamps has been reported to be between 0.72 and 115 mg/lamp with an average mercury content of about 30 mg/lamp in 1994. Although manufacturers have greatly reduced the amount of mercury used in fluorescent lamps over the past 20years, mercury is an essential component to fluorescent lamps and can’t be eliminated completely in lamps. In Korea, demonstration for recycling of U type lamps had once begun in the area of Seoul Metropolitan, 2000. In 2004, U type lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system. According to Korea Lighting Recycling Association, approximately 38 million Compact fluorescent lamps were recycled in Korea, 2011 because 3 recycling facilities for Compact fluorescent lamps are operated in Korea. Recycling rate of Compact fluorescent lamps in Korea is about 31.0% but about 70% of Compact fluorescent lamps may not manage properly. Hence, discarded lamps release approximately 2 to 3 tons of mercury per year into the environment[6]. In USA, Compact fluorescent lamps has controlled by Universal Waste Rule and merchandises containing mercury prohibited to produce. Also, MEBA(Mercury Export Ban Act) is activated in USA from 2013. According to Association of Lighting and Mercury Recycler, member companies accomplish about 85% of the lamp recycling done each year. In Germany, best available technology (BAT) system for recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps is established and about 20 companies are involved in recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps. In 1994, approximately 70-80% of total Compact fluorescent lamps are recycled in 1994 and Compact fluorescent lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system in 1996. In Sweden, MRT System, which was developed by Lumalampan, separated mercury from Compact fluorescent lamps by distillation operation, 1979. Reverse route collection system is active to improve the collection of Compact fluorescent lamps. Compact fluorescent lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system in 2001. In Austria, about 40 companies are involved in recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps to recycle glass and ferrous metals. And wastes containing mercury are treated in landfill site by using special container [7,8]. In this study, Compact fluorescent lamps is cut by a end-cutting unit with a cam crusher and base-cap is separated from glass part. In the end-cutting unit, a vacuum system is operating to collect mercury vapor to prevent leaking from the end-cutting unit. First of all, characteristics and major composition of Compact fluorescent lamps are estimated. Through the experiments, it is measured mercury concentration in the parts of Compact fluorescent lamps such as glass tube, phosphor powder, and base cap after separation in the end-cutting unit. Also, it is evaluated mercury emission from Compact fluorescent lamps by measuring the concentration of effluent gas in the end-cutting unit with changing flow rate. Finally, Korea Extraction Method (KET) and TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) test are applied to phosphor powder to verify that phosphor powder is a hazardous waste [9].

IS-11 : Separation Performance for Aluminium Recovery from Base-cap of Spent Fluorescent Lamp

( Seung Whee Rhee ),( Hun Su Park ),( Min Seok Lee ),( Jae Kyung Kim ),( Hoe Kyong Jung ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2013 한국폐기물자원순환학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.-

The estimated that 114 million units of fluorescent lamp are sold every year, and that 70% or more spent fluorescent lamps (SFLs) are generated at business sites. According to Korea Lighting Recycling Corporation, recycled amount of SFLs selected as EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) items from 2004 has been improved from 35,250,000 units in 2010 to 37,950,000 units in 2011, which recorded the greatest amount. Based on the year 2011, SFLs have been recycled by 31.5%, but their recycled rate is insufficient yet, compared to the recycling rate of metal cans or glass bottles, which are about 80%. The base cap of SFLs as a raw material was used in this experiment. Base cap contains an insulation sieve plate, aluminum cap, copper terminal, tempered glass, filament, and copper/iron mixed wire that goes through this glass. In order to protect a filament that is made up of tungsten for the electricity to flow, circular plate consisted of iron encloses the filament. Separating apparatus of SFL base cap used in this experiment is a device which has used impact crushing technique using hammer, screen separation and magnetic separation for the purpose of recovering aluminum, copper and iron contained in SFL. Impact hammer crusher, a device that separates aluminum from other materials by hammer impaction on the base cap that is separated by end-cutting, causes a significant reduction for other materials to be included in the collectible materials by separating aluminum, copper and iron from the base cap by using hammer crusher at 3 stages. Iron was collected by using a magnetic separation unit and the collectible materials were separated into aluminum with larger particles, and glass and other materials with smaller particles by screen separation. The separation performance was estimated for the 3 stages of hammer crusher unit to recover aluminum from the base-cap of SFLs and the separation performances are 94% at the 1st stage, 97% at the 2nd stage, and 98% at the 3rd stage, respectively.

IS-12 : A study on Mercury of Component from Compact Fluorescent Lamp

( Seung Whee Rhee ),( Hun Su Park ),( Min Suk Lee ),( Jae Kyung Kim ),( Hoe Kyung Jung ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2013 한국폐기물자원순환학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.-

Compact fluorescent lamps are strongly encouraged to manage separately in Korea because Compact fluorescent lamps contain mercury. Compact fluorescent lamps have managed as household waste in Korea, however, even though Compact fluorescent lamps contains hazardous material such as mercury. The aim of management of Compact fluorescent lamps separately is to reduce the release of mercury from Compact fluorescent lamp lamps into the environment and to reuse of the glass, metals and other components of Compact fluorescent lamps. The amount of mercury in a fluorescent lamps varies, depending on the type of lamp and manufacturer, but typically ranges between 5 milligrams and 30 milligrams. The mercury content of fluorescent lamps has been reported to be between 0.72 and 115 mg/lamp with an average mercury content of about 30 mg/lamp in 1994. Although manufacturers have greatly reduced the amount of mercury used in fluorescent lamps over the past 20years, mercury is an essential component to fluorescent lamps and can`t be eliminated completely in lamps. In the crushing process, CFL(compact fluorescent lamp) is separated into glass, plastic, ballast, phosphor powder and vapor. Using the crushing technique, concentration of mercury vapor emission from CFL is evaluated. Through the experiments, the efficiency of the crushing and separation for the unit is estimated by measuring the volume of CFL. In this study, the concentration of mercury is analyzed by MVI(Mercury Vapor Indicator) method for vapor in CFL. From the results of mercury distribution for 3 companies, the concentration of mercury in compact fluorescent lamp is less than that in the other type lamps. And phosphor powder has greater than 99% of total mercury amount in CFL and the mercury concentration in phosphor powder is measured between 1,008ppm and 1,349ppm. The mercury concentration in phosphor powder can be changed by the type of company and period of usage. KET and TCLP are carried out for phosphor powder, glass, plastic, ballast and base cap to estimate the hazardous characteristic. From the results of KET and TCLP test for CFL, phosphor powder from CFL should be controlled separately by stabilization or other methods to reuse as a renewable material because the phosphor powder is determined as a hazardous waste. From the results of characteristics of CFL, the carbonization system of CFL should be carried out in the temperature of less than 350℃. The amount of mercury in a fluorescent lamps varies, depending on the type of lamp and manufacturer, but typically ranges between 5 milligrams and 30 milligrams. The mercury content of Compact fluorescent lamps has been reported to be between 0.72 and 115 mg/lamp with an average mercury content of about 30 mg/lamp in 1994. Although manufacturers have greatly reduced the amount of mercury used in fluorescent lamps over the past 20years, mercury is an essential component to fluorescent lamps and can`t be eliminated completely in lamps. In Korea, demonstration for recycling of U type lamps had once begun in the area of Seoul Metropolitan, 2000. In 2004, U type lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system. According to Korea Lighting Recycling Association, approximately 38 million Compact fluorescent lamps were recycled in Korea, 2011 because 3 recycling facilities for Compact fluorescent lamps are operated in Korea. Recycling rate of Compact fluorescent lamps in Korea is about 31.0% but about 70% of Compact fluorescent lamps may not manage properly. Hence, discarded lamps release approximately 2 to 3 tons of mercury per year into the environment[6]. In USA, Compact fluorescent lamps has controlled by Universal Waste Rule and merchandises containing mercury prohibited to produce. Also, MEBA(Mercury Export Ban Act) is activated in USA from 2013. According to Association of Lighting and Mercury Recycler, member companies accomplish about 85% of the lamp recycling done each year. In Germany, best available technology (BAT) system for recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps is established and about 20 companies are involved in recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps. In 1994, approximately 70-80% of total Compact fluorescent lamps are recycled in 1994 and Compact fluorescent lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system in 1996. In Sweden, MRT System, which was developed by Lumalampan, separated mercury from Compact fluorescent lamps by distillation operation, 1979. Reverse route collection system is active to improve the collection of Compact fluorescent lamps. Compact fluorescent lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system in 2001. In Austria, about 40 companies are involved in recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps to recycle glass and ferrous metals. And wastes containing mercury are treated in landfill site by using special container [7,8]. In this study, Compact fluorescent lamps is cut by a end-cutting unit with a cam crusher and base-cap is separated from glass part. In the end-cutting unit, a vacuum system is operating to collect mercury vapor to prevent leaking from the end-cutting unit. First of all, characteristics and major composition of Compact fluorescent lamps are estimated. Through the experiments, it is measured mercury concentration in the parts of Compact fluorescent lamps such as glass tube, phosphor powder, and base cap after separation in the end-cutting unit. Also, it is evaluated mercury emission from Compact fluorescent lamps by measuring the concentration of effluent gas in the end-cutting unit with changing flow rate. Finally, Korea Extraction Method (KET) and TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) test are applied to phosphor powder to verify that phosphor powder is a hazardous waste [9].

An Evaluation of Moisture Content in LFG at SUDOKWON Landfill Site

( Seung-whee Rhee ),( Hyo-hyun Choi ),( Hun-su Park ),( Young-min Lee ),( Nack-joo Kim ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2010 APLAS Vol.2010 No.0

Separation Performance for Aluminium Recovery from Base-cap of Spent Fluorescent Lamp

Seung-Whee Rhee,Hun-Su Park,Min-Seok Lee,Jae-Kyung Kim,Hoe-Kyong Jung 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2013 한국폐기물자원순환학회 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.2

The estimated that 114 million units of fluorescent lamp are sold every year, and that 70% or more spent fluorescent lamps (SFLs) are generated at business sites. According to Korea Lighting Recycling Corporation, recycled amount of SFLs selected as EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) items from 2004 has been improved from 35,250,000 units in 2010 to 37,950,000 units in 2011, which recorded the greatest amount. Based on the year 2011, SFLs have been recycled by 31.5%, but their recycled rate is insufficient yet, compared to the recycling rate of metal cans or glass bottles, which are about 80%. The base cap of SFLs as a raw material was used in this experiment. Base cap contains an insulation sieve plate, aluminum cap, copper terminal, tempered glass, filament, and copper/iron mixed wire that goes through this glass. In order to protect a filament that is made up of tungsten for the electricity to flow, circular plate consisted of iron encloses the filament. Separating apparatus of SFL base cap used in this experiment is a device which has used impact crushing technique using hammer, screen separation and magnetic separation for the purpose of recovering aluminum, copper and iron contained in SFL. Impact hammer crusher, a device that separates aluminum from other materials by hammer impaction on the base cap that is separated by end-cutting, causes a significant reduction for other materials to be included in the collectible materials by separating aluminum, copper and iron from the base cap by using hammer crusher at 3 stages. Iron was collected by using a magnetic separation unit and the collectible materials were separated into aluminum with larger particles, and glass and other materials with smaller particles by screen separation. The separation performance was estimated for the 3 stages of hammer crusher unit to recover aluminum from the base-cap of SFLs and the separation performances are 94% at the 1st stage, 97% at the 2nd stage, and 98% at the 3rd stage, respectively.

Effect of mixing ratio of woody waste and food waste on the characteristics of carbonization residue

Rhee, Seung-Whee,Park, Hun-Su Springer-Verlag 2010 JOURNAL OF MATERIAL CYCLES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT Vol.12 No.3

폐형광등 현황에 따른 수은함유폐기물의 효율적 관리 방안

이승희 ( Seung Whee Rhee ),박헌수 ( Hun Su Park ),유호식 ( Ho Sik Yoo ) 한국환경정책평가연구원 2015 환경정책연구 Vol.14 No.1

수은함유폐기물의 효율적인 관리방안을 마련하고자 국내 및 선진국의 유해성이 있는 폐형광등 관리 및 처리현황을 검토하였다. 국내 폐기물 관리법에서는 수은함유폐기물이라도 생활계에서 배출되면 생활폐기물로 분류하고 있으며 생활계에서 배출되는 유해성이 있는 수은함유폐기물에 대해서는 관리가 되고 있지 않다. 다만 일부 수은함유폐기물에 대해 「자원의 절약과 재활용 촉진에 관한 법률」에 따라 폐기물 부담금제도와 재활용의무대상품목에 포함되어 관리되고 있다. 따라서 폐형광등의 관리현황으로부터 수은함유폐기물의 별도의 관리방안에 수집 방안 확대와 고도처리방법 등을 포함하였고, 이러한 수은함유폐기물의 수거에서 최종 처리되는 단계까지 주체별 역할에 대해 제시하여 더욱 효율적인 관리가 이루어지도록 하였다. An efficient management system of mercury-containing waste was designed by reviewing the management and treatment of spent fluorescent lamp in Korea and foreign countries. According to Waste Management Act in Korea, mercury-containing wastes from households are classified as municipal solid wastes even though mercury-containing wastes pose hazardous risks. In general, hence, mercury-containing wastes from households are not being managed properly because those wastes from households were not classified as specific wastes (or hazardous wastes). Some mercury-containing wastes are managed as a mandatory target item in waste charge system and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system under Act on Promotion for Saving and Recycling of Resources. An efficient management plan of mercury-containing wastes can be derived with an improved collection system, designating disposal sites and advanced treatment facilities for spent fluorescent lamps. Finally, the role of each agent involved from collection to disposal of mercury-containing wastes was suggested to establish the efficient management system for mercury-containing waste.