원효의 정토사상과 범본 『무량수경』 1 __왕생자를 중심으로__

김호성 ( Kim¸ Ho Sung ) 인도철학회 2020 印度哲學 Vol.0 No.60

『무량수경종요』와 『불설아미타경소』에서 원효가 인용한 『무량수경』의 구절을 범본의 그것과 대조 검토한다. 그 인용 구절은 제11원, 제14원, 제18원, 삼배단(三輩段) 등인데, 주로 왕생자가 누구인가를 밝히는 장면과 왕생의 방법을 논하는 부분이다. 이 중에 왕생자에 대해서만 이 글에서 다룬다. 이를 통해서 알 수 있었던 것은 첫째, 원효는 근기가 낮은 중생들까지도 구제하는 것을 정토신앙의 본령으로 인식하고서 정정취를 십주의 첫째 발심주까지로 낮추어 보았다는 것. 둘째는, 성문의 왕생에 대한 제14원의 입장과 세친 『정토론』의 입장이 모순되고 있는 것을 나름의 논리로 화쟁하려고 시도했는데, 이는 세친과 마찬가지로 원효 또한, 어떤 조건도 내세우지 않고서 성문의 왕생을 인정한 『무량수경』 제14원과는 배치되는 입장이다. 셋째, 불지를 의혹하는 범부들의 왕생을 논하면서 사의(四疑)를 유식의 사지(四智)와 결부시켰는데, 이는 범본에서는 지지를 받지 못하였다. 범본에서는 네 가지 지혜에 대한 의심이 나오지 않았기 때문이다. 이 역시 원효의 유식(唯識)적 『무량수경』 이해가 낳은 문제점이다. 다만, 앙신(仰信)을 이야기함으로써 타력신앙으로부터 완전히 벗어나지는 않고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 제18원의 유제(唯除)와 관련한 원효의 인식은 오역죄나 비방정법죄는 다만 장애일 뿐 정인(正因)이 없는 것은 아니라고 하였다. 이로써, 원효는 그들을 왕생불가자가 아닌 왕생유예자로 판단한 것이다. 이는 『관무량수경』 하품하생으로 넘어가는 가교를 (원효가) 설정한 것으로 이해된다. Wŏnhyo evaluates Muryangsu-gyŏng(Larger Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra) as the fourth gate of Assurance of Awakening(samyaktva-niyata), in which the lower people like first resolver of 10 abiding place, disciple(śrāvaka), sentient beings can go to the Land of Bliss(Sukhāvatī). Many different works(sūtras or śāstras) qualifies Buddha, the eighth earth(bhūmi), the first earth, or those who assured of following the correct path as attainer of the Land of Bliss. The four stages have been degraded by Wŏnhyo. Wŏnhyo himself called it ‘degradation(階降)’. I think it is a kind of gyŏpan(classification and evaluation of sūtras) based on the Pure Land Buddhism. So I want to call it ‘external degradation’. Moreover I understand that even though Wŏnhyo didn’t say it ‘degradation’, there is a more ‘degradation’. It degraded from the assurance of awakening, through disciples without determination Hīnayāna Buddhism and the sentient beings without believing Buddha’s wisdom, until those who conducted sins entailing immediate retribution(ānantarya). I considered it Wŏnhyo’s ‘internal degradation’ focusing the faculties of the attainer of Land of Bliss. Of these, the fourth sinners entailing immediate retribution and slanderer of right truth(saddharma) have been prescribed those who cannot attain Land of Bliss at the 18th vow in Muryangsu-gyŏng. But Wŏnhyo left the possibility of saving them in the lowest order of the lowest class(下品下生) of Kwan Muryangsu-gyŏng(Sūtra on the Visualization of the Buddha Amitāyus), evaluating them not without having bodhicitta as primal cause of attaining Land of Bliss but with obstacles. In other words they will be called ‘delayer of attaining Land of Bliss’. Wŏnhyo understands very well that the point of 11th vow is not ‘nirvāṇa’ but ‘assurer of awakening( samyaktva-niyata)’ which Sanskrit Version emphasized. In the case of 14th vow, there is no difference between Saṅghavarman translation and Sanskrit version. But not admitting all disciples(śrāvaka)’s going to Land of Bliss, Vasubandhu and Wŏnhyo contradicted the 14th and 18th vows in Muryangsu-gyŏng. On disbeliever Buddha’s wisdom, there have not been spoken four wisdoms not like in Sanskrit Version. So Wŏnhyo’s interpretaion on the passages of four disbelief on Buddha’s wisdom is apt to mislead believer to the way of Self-power. But fortunately, Wŏnhyo could come back to the way of Other-power preaching ‘only Believing(仰信, prasāda)’. He concluded his Muryangsu-gyŏng chongyo with telling ‘only Believing’ to us.

무선 센서 망에서 실시간 데이터 전송을 위한 멀티캐스팅 방안

박호성(Hosung Park),이정철(Hosung Park),오승민(Seungmin Oh),임용빈(Yongbin Yim),김상하(Sang-Ha Kim) 한국정보과학회 2011 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.38 No.2D

실시간 데이터 멀티캐스팅은 멀티캐스트 그룹 내의 모든 멤버들에게 데이터를 주어진 제한 시간 내에 전송하는 것을 의미한다. 실시간 데이터 멀티캐스팅의 가장 어려운 부분은 소스 노드와 가장 먼 멀티캐스트 멤버에게 실시간 제약조건을 지켜 데이터를 전송하는 것이다. 무선 센서 망에서는 데이터 전송 지연시간이 물리적인 거리에 비례하기 때문이다. 따라서 우리는 소스 노드와 가장 먼 멀티캐스트 멤버와의 거리를 임계 거리 라고 명명한다. 임계 거리는 실시간 데이터 멀티캐스팅에서 가징 중요한 제약조건이 되어야 한다. 다시 말해 소스 노드에서부터 각 멀티캐스트 멤버에게 데이터가 전달되는 각각의 거리는 어떤 이유로도 임계 거리보다 길지 않아야 한다. 그러나 기존의 멀티캐스팅 방안들은 각 멀티캐스트 멤버까지의 데이터 전송 거리보다 멀티캐스팅 전체 비용 절감에 주안점을 두었기 때문에 임계 거리에 관련된 실시간 데이터 전송 제약조건을 만족하기 어렵다. 본 논문에서 우리는 무선 센서 망에서 실시간 데이터 전송을 위한 새로운 멀티캐스팅 방안을 제안한다. 제안 방안은 임계 거리라는 제약사항을 고려하여 멀티캐스트 트리를 구성함으로써 모든 멀티캐스트 멤버들에게 제한 내에 데이터를 전송할 확률을 높여준다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 제안 방안의 실시간 데이터 전송 성공 확률이 기존 멀티캐스팅 방안들에 비해 높음으로 보여준다.

건축사사무소 도담_조호성

조호성(Cho, Hosung) 현대건축사 2016 월간 CONCEPT Vol.- No.207

Bank Funding Structure and Lending under Liquidity Shocks : Evidence from Korea

Hosung Jung,Dongcheol Kim 한국재무학회 2013 한국재무학회 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.11

This paper examines the relation between bank funding structure and lending to firms during periods of liquidity shocks. We analyze this relation by using quarterly loan panel data of all commercial banks in Korea, as well as their borrowing firms. We find that when liquidity shocks are severe, banks generally reduce their lending, but banks with a high core funding ratio tend rather to increase their lending to firms during periods of market-wide liquidity shocks and thereby the reduction in lending due to liquidity shocks is offset. This tendency is stronger in banks that maintain relationship banking with the firms. However, these findings are valid only for large banks. Our findings could provide some important policy implications for financial supervisory authorities seeking some regulatory policies on liquidity as in Basel III.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with mortality in acute pancreatitis

( Hosung Jeon ),( Jihye Huh ),( Jae Woo Kim ),( Kyongjoo Lee ) 대한내과학회 2015 대한내과학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2015 No.1

Background/Aims: Predicting severe pancreatitis is important for early aggressive management of patients with acute pancreatitis. This study was designed to investigate the risk factors of mortality in acute pancreatitis. Methods: Patients diagnosed with first attack of acute pancreatitis were enrolled from January 2013 to December 2014. We evaluated the relationship between smoking, obesity, hypertension, liver cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, several predictive scoring systems, and mortality. Results: A total of 161 patients (62.1% male, mean age 59.3 ± 18.7 years) with acute pancreatitis were included. Etiologies included gallstone (49.7%), alcohol (38.5%), hypertriglyceridemia (1.9%) and idiopathic (9.9%). Body mass index, Ranson score, Bedside Index of Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP), number of ICU admission, and mortality were higher in group consisting of acute pancreatitis with diabetes compared to those without. In univariate analysis, diabetes mellitus, CT score index (CTSI) and BISAP were associated with mortality in acute pancreatitis. In multivariate analysis, diabetes mellitus (Odds ratio 4.72, 95% CI 1.23-18.12, p=0.023) and BISAP (Odds ratio 10.96, 95% CI 2.61-45.94, p=0.001) were independently associated with mortality. Discussions: Diabetes mellitus with higher level of BISAP score is associated with mortality in acute pancreatitis. Keywords: Acute pancreatitis; Diabetes mellitus; Mortality

Design of Multiple-Edge Protographs for QC LDPC Codes Avoiding Short Inevitable Cycles

Hosung Park,Seokbeom Hong,Jong-Seon No,Dong-Joon Shin IEEE 2013 IEEE transactions on information theory Vol.59 No.7

<P>There have been lots of efforts on the construction of quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes with large girth. However, most of them focus on protographs with single edges and little research has been done for the construction of QC LDPC codes lifted from protographs with multiple (i.e., parallel) edges. Compared to single-edge protographs, multiple-edge protographs have benefits such that QC LDPC codes lifted from them can potentially have larger minimum Hamming distance. In this paper, all subgraph patterns of multiple-edge protographs, which prevent QC LDPC codes from having large girth by inducing inevitable cycles, are fully investigated based on a graph-theoretic approach. By using combinatorial designs, a systematic construction method of multiple-edge protographs is proposed for regular QC LDPC codes with girth at least 12 and another method is proposed for regular QC LDPC codes with girth at least 14. Moreover, a construction algorithm of QC LDPC codes based on certain liftings of multiple-edge protographs is proposed and it is shown that the resulting QC LDPC codes have larger upper bounds on the minimum Hamming distance than those lifted from single-edge protographs. Simulation results are provided to compare the performance of the proposed QC LDPC codes with progressive edge-growth (PEG) LDPC codes and with PEG QC LDPC codes.</P>

A Study on a Catenary Impedance Estimation Technique using Boosting Current Compensation Based on Current Division Characteristics of an AT Feeding System

Hosung Jung,Hyungchul Kim,Sang-Hoon Chang,Joorak Kim,Myung-Hwan Min,Tae-Pung An,Sung-Il Kwon 대한전기학회 2015 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.10 No.3

Generally, an autotransformer(AT) feeding system consists of double tracks, up and down, with the trolley wire and feeder wire of the up and down tracks connected in the sectioning post(SP). Consequently, load current or fault current flows on two tracks based on catenary impedance characteristics, making it difficult to estimate catenary impedance accurately. This paper presents a technique for the estimation of catenary impedance using boosting current compensation based on the current division characteristics of an AT feeding system to improve the operation performance of impedance relay. To verify the technique, we model an AT feeding system through a power analysis program (PSCAD/EMTDC) and simulate various operation and fault conditions. Through the simulation, we confirmed that the proposed technique has estimated catenary impedance with a similar degree of accuracy to the actual catenary impedance.

Phonology of Positional Asymmetry and Geminates: Constraints from Gestural Coordination Dynamics

Hosung Nam 한국언어학회 2011 언어 Vol.36 No.2

Design of a Small Array Antenna with an Extended Cavity Structure for Wireless Power Transmission

Hosung Choo,Jun Hur 한국전자파학회JEES 2020 Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science Vol.20 No.1

This paper proposes a design of a small array antenna with an extended cavity structure for wireless power transmission. The proposed array element consists of a square radiating loop, which is designed to resonate at 5.8 GHz, and an extended cavity structure to reduce the mutual coupling between adjacent elements. We derive the optimal element number in a limited space by considering the input power for each element, fabrication cost, and aperture efficiency of the system. To verify the suitability of the proposed a small array with an extended cavity structure, a 2 × 2 downscaled array antenna is fabricated and measured in a full anechoic chamber. The results confirm that the proposed antenna element with an extended cavity structure is suitable for wireless power transmission systems; the proposed array has a transmission efficiency of about 1% at a distance of 2 m when the array is applied to both transmitting and receiving antennas.

Species Composition and Biomass Distribution of Benthic Macroalgae in Maxwell Bay, King George Island, Antarctica

Hosung Chung,Yoon Sik Oh,Ji Hee Kim,Young-Chul Kang,Sung-Ho Kang,SangHoon Lee 한국해양과학기술원 2000 KOREAN JOURNAL of Polar Research Vol.11 No.1