Homoepitaxial ZnO Thin Films Fabricated by Using Pulsed-Laser Deposition

Holger von Wenckstern,Matthias Brandt,Heidemarie Schmidt,Christian Hanisch,Gabriele Benndorf,Holger Hochmuth,Michael Lorenz,Marius Grundmann 한국물리학회 2008 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.53 No.5

ZnO thin films were deposited homoepitaxially by using pulsed-laser deposition on ZnO wafers grown by using the hydrothermal method. The dominant shallow donor level in the nominally undoped thin films is AlZn, as suggested by thermal admittance spectroscopy and low temperature photoluminescence measurements. The homoepitaxial ZnO:P thin films are n-conducting in the as-grown state, which facilitates investigations by Hall effect measurements. The Hall mobility of such ZnO:P thin lms is higher than that of heteroepitaxial ZnO thin lms and its temperature dependence is similar to that of ZnO single crystals grown by seeded chemical vapor transport.

Pursuing a university degree or opting for another educational pathway? An analysis of the value of higher education in Germany and South Korea

Holger Preut 한독사회과학회 2019 한독사회과학논총 Vol.29 No.1

Making use of Martin Trow’s framework of the transition of higher education – namely, the growth from elite education to mass education and eventually the rise of universal education – this study analyses and compares the extent of growth and the attitudes towards higher education in Germany and South Korea. Since the new millennium, universal education, participation in higher education exceeding 50 percent, has despite free of charge higher education not been realized in Germany - merely a third of the young population possess a university degree. In contrast, despite being costly, higher education in South Korea among the young has since 2005 constantly been universal peaking at 70 percent in 2016. Whilst in Germany vocational training has until recently been held in high esteem, higher education has hardly been challenged as the best educational pathway for young South Koreans. In Germany, both the perception of a secure and financially rewarding vocational training as well as the segregated education system have diverted young Germans, especially low-achieving and lower-class, away from higher education. In South Korea, culturally engrained strong aspiration for academic achievement and social upward mobility supported by social conformity and stigmatization of lower-level forms of education appear to be powerful cultural factors pushing high levels in higher education. Large participation in higher education in South Korea seems to be a result of strong educational aspirations but also due to effective guidance through higher education policies. In recent years new trends have emerged: whilst Germany is experiencing a significant rise in the popularity of higher education, South Korea is facing the consequences of over-education.

금융개방의 정책적 교훈 : 자본계정 자유화의 비용과 편익 : 뉴질랜드의 경험

(Holger Wolf) 한국금융연구원 1994 정책조사보고서 Vol.94 No.1

Filling the Labour Shortage: Ways and Obstacles to the Integration of Recent Refugees into the German Labor Market

Holger preut 한국유럽학회 2016 유럽연구 Vol.34 No.3

Germany’s previous defensive asylum polices are slowly dissolving. The Angela Merkel government has allowed more than one million desperate asylum seekers to enter Germany in 2015. With a strong economy, an ageing population and a rock-bottom birth rate these new arrivals hold the promise to solve labour shortages. Whilst many job and training vacancies remain unfilled, asylum seekers - from the arrival and in the labor market - are confronted with a set of complicated regulations that hinder them to find jobs. Delays in application proceedings as well as the prohibition to work and the priority check put asylum seekers in an unnecessary, expensive, frustrating and insecure waiting period of at least 15 months. Many employers would welcome them if only they had better German skills, appropriate qualifications and if the legal uncertainties regarding their status and work permit would be reduced. Asylum policies must accelerate application procedures and the entry into the German labor market by also providing extensive German classes for asylum seekers from the start. Most asylum seekers are young and adaptable. Training them in apprenticeships would be beneficial for a sustainable labour market integration and companies. Especially projects assisting them to start and complete an apprenticeship - for example the “early intervention scheme” and the “ways into an apprenticeship for refugees” - should be amplified and be a focus of wider policy strategies.

Olympic Legacy: Status of Research

Holger Preuss,홍석표 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2021 Journal of Global Sport Management Vol.6 No.3

There is no doubt that the topic of legacy of sport events is becoming one of the critical issues in professional sports worldwide. Taxpayers’ money is used to support the staging of events and therefore citizens want a benefit in return. Many legacies though are intangible and therefore not easy to measure. As economic profits are difficult to obtain, ecological footprints are given due to needed travelling and social benefits are not easy to measure. Overall, the Olympic Games do not visibly and obviously change the host city towards sustainability and long-lasting positive developments. The articles reveal the breadth of topics that are located within the scope of legacy. The research areas touch on legacies that are under-researched and for which there is scant legacy information in the literature, i.e., the legacy of Olympic Winter Games, Youth Olympic Winter Games, unsuccessful Olympic bid cities and non-host Olympic cities.

Dealing with Youth Unemployment and Skilled Labour Shortage : A Comparison of Vocational Training in South Korea and Germany

Holger Preut 한독사회과학회 2015 한독사회과학논총 Vol.25 No.1

노령인구의 급속한 증가와 출산율 저하와 같은 급격한 인구변화를 겪고 있는 국가 들은 노동활동인구가 지속적으로 감소하는 현상을 경험하고 있다. 한국과 독일이 바 로 그러한 경우로써, 상대적으로 청년실업률이 높고 기업의 수요와 세계 시장경제 변화를 충족할 수 있는 숙련노동자가 부족한 것이 현실이다. 본 논문에서는 한국과 독일의 직업훈련 시스템과 이러한 시스템이 기술관련 직업 훈련과 청년층의 노동시 장 유입에 얼마나 성공적이었는지를 조사·비교한다. 본 논문에서는 직업 훈련을 역 사적 맥락에서 검토하고 최근 트렌드와 변화 현황을 조사한다. 분석 방법은 최근 한 국에 도입된 마이스터 고등학교와 독일식 일학습 병행제도(VET)에 초점을 맞춘다. 간략하게나마 본 논문에서는 직업훈련이 얼마나 효율적이고 효과적인지를 중점적으 로 조사한다. 조사 결과 양국의 시스템이 오랜 역사를 가지고 있고 학교에서 직장으 로 이전하는 과정에 많은 개선이 이루어졌음에도 불구하고 독일식 직업훈련이 한국 의 직업훈련보다 훨씬 더 효과가 있다는 점을 집중 강조하고자 한다. 특히 학교교육 에 두는 가치, 가족들의 상이한 보험적 동기 그리고 교육산업력의 수준을 감안해 볼 때 사회경제적 요소와 문화적 요소들이 직업훈련의 성공에 지대한 영향을 미친다는 점을 중요하게 다룬다. Countries that experience dramatic demographic change, with a seriously aging population and very low birth rates, have been confronted with a steady decrease of an active labour force. South Korea and Germany are such case examples; countries with relatively high youth unemployment and a shortage of skilled labour that can meet the demands of companies and the changing global market economy. This paper investigates and compares the vocational training systems of South Korea and Germany and the extent to which these systems have been successful in training job related skills and in absorbing young people into the labour market. The paper puts vocational training into historical context and examines recent trends and changes. In its’analysis, it focuses on the recently introduced Meister- schools in South Korea and on the German-style dual Vocational Education and Training (VET). The question of how attractive and effective is vocational training is raised in this short investigation. The findings highlight that whilst both VET systems have a long history and many improvements in the school-to-work transition have been achieved, vocational training in Germany has been much more positively received than in the case of South Korea. The paper argues that socio-economic and cultural factors - especially the contrasting values placed on academic education, the different insurance motives of families, and the level of power of the educational industry – significantly influence the success of vocational training in those countries.

Buying conventional foods or going organic? - A comparative study on the perceptions and consumption of organic foods in Germany and Korea -

Holger Preut 한독사회과학회 2017 한독사회과학논총 Vol.27 No.1

유기농업법과 유기농 식품 사용이 토양 및 생태계 시스템 그리고 인간에게 유익하다고 점차 인식됨에 따라, 세계 유기농 식품 시장 역시 괄목할 만큼 발전하였다. 본 연구에서는 한국과 독일의 유기농 운동의 기원을 고찰하면서, 양국의 유기농 식품에 대한 인식 및 소비관련 현황을 살펴보았다. 한국과 독일 양국의 유기농업 현황과 유기농 식품 시장 마케팅의 역사적 행보 및 유기농 식품의 시장수요가 현격하게 차이가 나는 것을 주목하였으며, 이에 근거하여 유기농 식품시장이 독일에서는 주류(主流)시장으로 편입되었으나, 한국에서는 유기농 식품시장이 본질적으로 여전히 틈새시장에 머물러 있다는 결론을 내렸다. 독일에서는 유기농 산업이 진화·발전되어 왔으며, 유기농 식품에 대한 인식 및 소비가 왕성한 것으로 확인되었다. 대부분의 독일 유기농 소비자는 평균 이상의 수입과 교육을 받은 사람들로 인간, 환경 및 동물에 대한 윤리적 가치에 의해 선택의 영향을 받으며, 많은 수의 소비자들 역시 전체론(全體論)적이고 건강한 생활 방식, 유행 및 편의성에 의해 유기농 식품을 선택하는 것으로 확인되었다. 한국의 경우, 소규모로 -특히 어린 자녀가 있는 가정주부, 장년 및 고소득 계층이 중심이 되어- 그리고 대부분 건강상의 이유로 유기농 식품을 구입하는 것으로 조사되었다. 그러나 마케팅 및 인증제도에의 결함, 유기농 식품의 구별성, 유기농 식품의 품질에 대한 신뢰결핍으로 인해 유기농 식품의 인지도 및 유기농 식품의 지속적 구매성은 제한적인 것으로 파악되었다. 한국에서 유기농 식품이 보다 많은 이들에게 확대되기 위해서는 가격대비 효율성 및 유기농 식품의 제품 투명성과 신뢰성, 소비자 행동에 대한 이해를 높이기 위한 노력이 필요하다고 분석된다. The global organic food market has expanded substantially as growing and going organic has widely been perceived as being good for soils, ecosystems and people. Also considering the history of the organic movements, this study investigates the contemporary perceptions and consumption of organic foods in Germany and South Korea. This study concludes that given the historically different commitments to organic farming and marketing, organic foods in Germany have gone main-stream whilst in South Korea organic foods are essentially still much of a niche market. In Germany an organic industry has evolved and organic food awareness and consumption are strong.Most consumers are above average income and education, and driven by ethical values for people, environment and animals. Many consumers also go organic because of a holistic healthy life style, trends and convenience. South Koreans, on a smaller scale - in particular mothers of young children, elders and high income groups – also purchase organic food mostly for health reasons. Here knowledge about organic food and intentions to go organic appear limited due to deficiencies in marketing and labelling, resulting in a lack of product distinction and trust in the quality of organic foods. To popularize organic foods in South Korea, greater efforts should be made to improve cost effectiveness, product transparency and reliability of organic foods, and understanding of consumer behaviour.

Von der literarischen Erinnerung an die NS-Zeit zum kulturellen Fremdverstehen im DaF-Unterricht

Holger Steidele 한국하인리히뵐학회 2009 하인리히 뵐 Vol.9 No.-

Why still so few children? An analysis of the impact of recent family policies on low fertility in Germany and South Korea

Holger Preut 한독사회과학회 2016 한독사회과학논총 Vol.26 No.3

독일과 한국의 출산율은 수십 년 동안 낮은 수치를 기록하고 있다. 최근 출산율은 주로 아동보육에 대한 보수적인 사회태도, 노동시장 상황과 가족 정책 의 결과물로 여겨진다. 독일과 한국의 가족 비우호적인 고용주들과 불안한 노동시장은 젊은 사람들이 출산을 미루거나 포기하도록 강요하는 요인이 된다. 놀랍게도, 출산율 위기를 해결하기 위한 양국 정부의 강한 의지가 반영된 정책은 21세기 초에 이르러서야 비로소 확인되는데, 그 이후 시행된 독일과 한국의 가족정책은 직업과 보육을 양립하는 여성들에게는 그 효과가 제한적이었다. 통일 이후 독일의 가족 정책은 보육 시설의 대규모 증대, 새로운 유급 육아휴직 혜택을 통해 그 위기 상황에 대응하고 있다. 그러나 '남성 생계부양, 여성 가사육아' 라는 이전 서독의 전통적인 역할 프레임과 자녀 양육 의무를 어머니에게 일임하는 사회적 관습은 여전히 출산율의 증가를 저해하는 족쇄가 되고 있다. 한국은 출산 휴가, 육아 휴직, 그리고 근로시간 단축 등의 제도적 개선을 시행하고 있으며, 자녀 교육비용과 주택의 비용을 절감하기 위한 정책들도 진척 중에 있다. 그럼에도 이러한 정책들은 모두 직장 문화와 성역할 개선 노력에 의해 보완되어져야 한다고 본다. Fertility rates in Germany and South Korea have been low for decades. Recent trends in fertility rates are largely a result of the labour market, family policy and social attitudes towards child-care. In both countries unstable employment conditions and family-unfriendly employers continue to push young people to delay and abandon childbearing. Both governments’ full commitment to tackle the fertility crisis only arose in the early 21st century and ever since their family policies have had limited impact on the tension faced by women between child-care and workforce participation. Unified Germany’s modernized family policy has addressed the crisis through massive expansion of child-care facilities and the new income-related parental leave benefits. However, the legacy of former West Germany’s male breadwinner-female care-giver framework and social attitudes stressing mother child-rearing obligation still hamper increases in fertility rates. South Korea’s family policies’ institutional changes – maternity leave, child care leave, and a reduced work schedule – including efforts to reduce the cost of children’s education and housing have been advances. Nonetheless, these policies need to be complemented by efforts to change the work culture and gendered society.

Transverse relaxation-optimized HCN experiment for tautomeric states of histidine sidechains

Holger Schmidt,Sebastian Himmel,Korvin F.A. Walter,Volker Klaukien,Michael Funk,이동한 한국자기공명학회 2008 Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society Vol.12 No.2

Function of protein is frequently related with tautomeric states of histidine sidechains. Thus, several NMR experiments were developed to determine the tautomeric states of histidines. However, poor sensitivity of these experiments caused by long duration of magnetization transfer periods is unavoidable. Here, we alleviate the sensitivity of HCN experiment for determining the tautomeric states of histidine residues using TROSY principle to suppress transverse relaxation of 13C spins during long polarization transfer delays involving 13C-15N scalar couplings. In addition, this experiment was used to assign the sidechain resonances of histidines. These assignments can be used to follow the pH-titration of histidine sidechains.