Ethanol Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Augments Cellular Anti-oxidant Defense through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1

Lee, Yoo-hwan,Kim, Jung-hee,Song, Choon-ho,Jang, Kyung-jeon,kim, Cheol-hong,Kang, Ji-Sook,Choi, Yung-hyun,Yoon, Hyun-Min KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2016 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.19 No.1

Objectives: The mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. Although several studies have focused on the anti-oxidative activity of this mushroom, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity have not yet been clearly established. The present study investigated the cytoprotective effect of ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum (EGL) against oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, $H_2O_2$) and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in a C2C12 myoblast cell line. Methods: Oxidative stress markers were determined by using the comet assay to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. Cell viability and Western blotting analyses were employed to evaluate the cellular response to EGL and $H_2O_2$ in C2C12 cells. Transfection with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-specific small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) was conducted to understand the relationship between Nrf2 expression and $H_2O_2$-induced growth inhibition. Results: The results showed that EGL effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced growth and the generation of ROS. EGL markedly suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced comet-like DNA formation and phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 ($p-{\gamma}H2AX$), a widely used marker of DNA damage, suggesting that EGL prevented $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, the EGL treatment effectively induced the expression of Nrf2, as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), with parallel phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the C2C12 myoblasts. However, zinc protoporphyrin IX, a HO-1 inhibitor, significantly abolished the protective effects of EGL against $H_2O_2$-induced accumulation of ROS and reduced cell growth. Notably, transient transfection with Nrf2-specific siRNA attenuated the cytoprotective effects and HO-1 induction by EGL, indicating that EGL induced the expression of HO-1 in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate that EGL augments the cellular anti-oxidant defense capacity through activation of Nrf2/HO-1, thereby protecting C2C12 myoblasts from $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative cytotoxicity.

심근 허혈-재관류 백서 모델에서 mitogen-activated protein kinase 활성화에 대한 α-lipoic acid의 효과

김연경,박은미,최준호,윤경호,유남진,이은미,김남호,정진원,김민선,박병림,오석규 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 2006 圓光醫科學 Vol.21 No.1

DCCA에 의한 서어나무류 群集과 環境의 相關關係 分析

宋鎬京,張圭寬 忠南大學校環境問題硏究所 1993 環境硏究 Vol.11 No.-

서어나무류 群落의 種 造成과 立地와의 關係를 究明하기 위하여 서어나무군락 11個所, 개서어나무군락 22個所, 까치박달나무군락 7個所를 選定하고, DCCA 方法을 使用하여 分析한 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. 서어나무군락에서 重要値가 높은 種은 서어나무, 쪽동백나무, 신갈나무, 졸참나무, 대팻집나무, 당단풍, 까치박달나무, 물푸레 나무, 사람주나무 등의 순이다. 개서어나무 군락에서 重要値가 높은 種은 개서어나무, 졸참나무, 서어나무, 생강나무, 신갈나무, 고로쇠나무, 당단풍, 비목나무, 쪽동백나무 등의 순이다. 까치박달나무군락에서 重要値가 높은 種은 까치박달나무, 신갈나무, 서어나무, 쪽동백나무, 당단풍, 졸참나무 등의 순이다. 2. 主要 優占種의 種 多樣性은 서어나무군락이 가장 높고, 까치박달나무군락이 가장 낮았으며, 群落別 土壤 分析 結果를 보면 개서어나무군락이 C.E.C.를 제외한 全窒素, 有機物含量, 有效燐酸, K+, Ca++, Mg++ 等의 養料가 양호한 것으로 나타냈다. 3. 群落과 環境 要因들과의 상관관계를 보면, 개서어나무군락은 全窒素가 많은 곳에, 서어나무군락은 海拔高가 높은 곳에 주로 分布하고 있으며, 까치박달나무군락은 全窒素가 낮고 高度가 중간인 部分에 주로 分布하고 있다. On the basis of Braun-Blanquet, 40 quadrats were sampled by the releve method of Muller-Dombois & Ellenberg in natural forests of Mt. Chiri, Mt. Deokyu, Mt. Kyeryong, and Mt. Sokri. The quadrats were sampled 11 plots in Carpinus laxiflora forest, 22 plots in C. tschonoskii forest, and 7 plots in C. cordata forest. The method of DCCA were introduced to elucidate the relations of site factors and species composition in the same quadrats. The dominant tree species distributed in the region of Carpinus laxiflora communites were C. laxiflora, Styrax obassia, Quercus mongolica, and Q. serrata in descending order. The dominant tree species distributed in the region of Carpinus tschonoskii communities were C. tschonoskii, Q. serrata, C. laxiflora, and Lindera obtusiloba in descending order. The dominant tree species distributed in the region of Carpinus cordata communities were C. cordata, Q. mongolica, C. laxiflora, and S. obassia in descending order. The species diversities of major dominant species recorded the highest value in the communities of Carpinus laxiflora but the lowest value in the communities of C. cordata. The nutrient contents of total nitrogen, organic matter, available phosphorus, K+, Ca++, and Mg++ except of C.E.C. value were the highest values in the forest soils of C. tschonoskii communities. In the relations of major species communities and environmental factors, Carpinus tschonoskii communities were distributed in the good nutrition of total nitrogen, C. laxiflora communities in the high elevation area, C. cordata communities in the poor nutrition of total nitrogen and in the medium elevation area.

조선후기의 사회구조적 변화와 대원군의 정책

송이랑,김경호 東亞大學校 2000 東亞論叢 Vol.37 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate changes in social structure in the latter period of Chos?n and Daewongun's policies. During his rule, externally, the World Powers were eager to expand their imperialistic policies. Internally it was time for Chos?n to choose a new direction in history, largely due to the changes in the social structure. From an integrative point of view on structure and act rather than dualistic point, the paper examined the structure of ideology, status, agriculture, and commerce in the later Chos?n and then examined the relations between Chosen and Chung, between Chos?n and Japan, and between Chos?n and Western powers, respectively. Under such circumstance, in 1863, King Kojong ascended the throne Cheoljong and, immediately, Daewongun took the reigns of government. He tried to clean up deep-rooted evils caused by royal-married families(Sedojunchi), and to rule over the nation flexibly enough to accommodate various social changes. Accordingly, he promoted various policies in order to establish a new domestic order by way of overall social reforms. politically, Daewongun solidified his power basis and adopted merit system to allow more opportunities for the talent. His policies may be evaluated by three criteria - the will of ruler, support base, and the atmosphere of the times. Daewongun met two necessary conditions: leader's will on reform and possession of supporter groups. Nonetheless, his reformative policies can be evaluated as an half success because of premature social atmosphere to accommodate his reformative will. Thus, we come to conclusion that for the successive promotion of Daewongun's policies the three conditions must be worked out on mutual balance.

植生

宋鎬京,張圭寬 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1992 環境硏究 Vol.10 No.-

全北 鎭安郡 龍潭댐 주변의 植物相을 把握하기 위하여 1991년 10월11-12일, 1992년 5월 29-31일, 10월 23-25일에 걸쳐 調査하였다. 本 調査 地域의 管束植物은 總 88科 202屬 277種으로 貧弱한 편이며, 主要 植物은 리기다소나무, 일본잎갈나무, 굴참나무, 졸참나무, 물오리나무, 싸리, 찔레, 맑은대쑥 등이다. 또한 出現된 管束植物의 種類는 羊齒植物이 2.5%, 裸子植物이 2.2%, 被子植物이 95.3%이다.

난치성 만성정신분열증 환자의 생활의 질에 미치는 정신사회치료 프로그램의 효과에 대한 예비연구

송동호,배민진,이종호,이홍식,김선경,서호석,김찬형,전지용 大韓神經精神醫學會 1995 신경정신의학 Vol.34 No.4

Objects : Recent studies of psychosocial adjustment after hospitalization have found that the combination of maintenance antipsychotic drug treatment and psychosocial treatment including psychoeducational program are highly predictive of social rehabilitation and reduction of subsequent relapse. Two groups of patients with refractory chronic schizophrenia were preliminarily compared to determine the effect of a psychosocial treatment program on the quality of life in refractory chronic schizophrenics in an open comparative trial. Methods : One group(N=11) was assigned to approximately six months of the psychosocial treatment program(including psychoeducation program and activity program such as interpersonal relationship program, social skill training, self management program, outings, etc), in a group format, twice a week and a fixed maintenance dosage of clozapine ; while scale(QLS) was used to provide an objective measure of changes in patient's psychosocial functioning and a general assessment of psychopathology was made using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS). Results : Both BPRS total positive score and the QLS total score, especially in the intrapsychic foundation factor of the scale showed a statistically significant improvement in the psychosocial treatment group. But there was no significant change in both BPRS and QLS scores over a 6-month period in the non-psychosocial treatment group. A significant negative correlation was found between the negative symptom and changes of QLS total, instrumental role and common object and activities scores respectively after receiving a 6-month of the psychosocial treatment program. Conclusion : These results suggest that a psychosocial treatment program including the integration of psychoeducation and a skill training oriented activity program serve as an outpatient treatment modality to improve the quality of the life in refractory chronic schizophrenia. To further clarify the effect of psychosocial treatment in chronic schizophrenia, a randomized trial should be done.

植生

宋鎬京,禹仁植,張圭寬 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1991 環境硏究 Vol.9 No.-

전북 진안군 용담댐 주변의 植生과 土壤環境을 把握하기 위하여 1991년 10월11일에서 12일에 걸쳐 Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg의 releve method에 의하여 12個所를 選定하였다. 植生은 10m×10m의 方形區를 設置하여 胸高直徑 3㎝ 以上의 樹種을 대상으로 매목조사를 실시하였고, 土壤은 方形區내에서 약 2㎏을 採取하였으며 分析한 結果는 다음과 같다. 교목층에 출현한 種 數는 24種이었으며, 重要値가 높은 種 順位는 리기다소나무, 일본잎갈나무, 굴참나무, 밤나무, 소나무 등의 순이었으며 관목층에 출현한 종수는 87종이고, 森林群集은 리기다소나무群集, 일본잎 갈나무群集, 굴참나무群集으로 區分되었다. 토양의 pH는 5.0- 6.3이고 全窒素는 0.12%-0.70%, 有機物含量은 1.7%-16.4%, 有效燐酸은 4-16ppm, C.E.C. 는 5.7-14.5(me/100g), K?는 0.17-0.16(me/100g), Ca??는 0.8-10.3(me/100g), Mg??는 0.5-3.5(me/100g)이다.

北韓體制에 있어서 神話

송이랑,김경호 東亞大學校 2002 東亞論叢 Vol.39 No.-

This study is trying to detail things about North Korea through the legend of it. The legend is a kind of belief which is not based on the truth. The political legend is simply a fiction about things political. The system of North Korea has kept nervous since the beginning. As a result, it has focused on keeping the system rather than develops the country. This structural-character caused the legend. Especially the legend in the system of North Korea played the definite role in keeping the system of kim, IL-Sung and electing the successor.

전반적발달장애 아동 및 발달성언어장애 아동의 뇌 단일광자방출전산화단층촬영 소견에 대한 예비연구

이호분,신의진,육기환,유영훈,노경선,송동호 대한소아ㆍ청소년정신의학회 1997 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.8 No.2

전압제어 GIC를 이용한 대역 및 고역통과 필터의 특성 비교

송명석,노경호,김왕식,박종연 강원대학교 정보통신연구소 2004 정보통신논문지 Vol.8 No.-

In this paper, we have presented comparative characteristics of band-pass filter and high-pass filter using VCGIC(Voltage Controlled Genenalized Impedance Converter), which are the non-linearized VCR(Voltage Controlled Resistance) and the linearized VCR. We concluded that the linearized VCGIC circuit has the wide dynamic range and the improved linearity.