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EARLY EVENTS OCCURRING DURING LIGHT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN PLANTS AND FUNGI
Hasunuma, Kohji,Ogura, Yasunobu,Yabe, Naoto Korean Society of Photoscience 1998 Journal of Photosciences Vol.5 No.2
Light signals constitute major factors in regulating gene expression and morphogenesis in plants and fungi. Phytochrome A and B were well characterized red and far-red light receptors in plants. Red light signals increased the phosphorylation of 18 kDa protein, which was identified to be nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase. The NDP kinase catalyzed autophosphorylation and had a protein kinase activity similar to MAP (mitogen activated protein) kinase. As candidates for blue light photoreceptors, cDNAs for CRY1 and CRY2 were isolated. The N-teminal regions of these proteins showed a high hornology to DNA photolyase. The 120 kDa protein first detected in Pisurn sativurn, which showed blue light induced phosphorylation was also detected in Arabidopsis thaliana. The 120 kDa protein was encoded by the nphl gene, which regulated positive phototropism of the plant. In Neurospora crassa, blue light irradiation of the membrane fraction prepared from roycelia stimulated the phosphorylation of the 15 kDa protein, which was also identifmd to be an NDP kinase. Recent progress in understanding early events in light signal transduction mainly in Pisum sativum Alaska, Arabidopsis thaliana and Neurospora crassa was summarized.
Current Status of Ozone Control Measures in the United States and Europe and Implications for Japan
Hideki Hasunuma,Liliana Martinez Rivera,Hirosato Kobayashi,Kenji Aizu,Kazunori Oshima,Jun Shibutani,Yasuyuki Itano,Satoru Chatani,Shuichi Hasegawa,Makiko Yamagami,Junya Hoshi KOSAE·JSAE·CSES-CSAE 2022 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.16 No.3
In Japan, the achievement rate of environmental standards for air pollution has been improving in recent years, but for photochemical oxidants, including ozone, improvement are required. In this study, we investigated trends in ozone countermeasures in the United States and Europe from the State Implementation Plan (SIP) and National Air Pollution Control Program (NAPCP) and examined whether there are any points recommended in Japan. The United States and Europe have different policies on environmental standards for air pollution and ozone control. In the United States, states that do not meet the environmental standards for ozone concentration are required to develop an SIP to attain the standards. There was an urgent need to find a cost-effective approach to addressing the ozone problem, and forest control measures were one of the possibilities. In Europe, the European Union has set “target values” for ozone and NAPCP does not mention forest control measures or ozone sensitivity regimes. The main focus in Europe is on the win-win solution of reducing emissions of air pollutants at the same time as greenhouse gases. Japan should consider a framework including setting feasible step-by-step goals to attain the desired standards. As ozone is greatly affected by advection, wide-regional measures against ozone precursors and prediction of the future precursor reduction and concentration are required. The preparation of an emissions inventory and estimated reduction amount is prerequisites as basic data for simulation. To achieve this, cooperation between national, local and private research institutes is crucial. Since the international community has agreed to prioritize greenhouse gas countermeasures, Japan could consider a win-win solution for both ozone and greenhouse gas reduction.
Matsumoto, Daisaku,Takagi, Mitsuhiro,Hasunuma, Hiroshi,Fushimi, Yasuo,Ohtani, Masayuki,Sato, Tadashi,Okamoto, Koji,Shahada, Francis,Tanaka, Tetsuya,Deguchi, Eisaburo Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2009 Animal Bioscience Vol.22 No.12
Two field studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of difructose anhydride III (DFA III) as a supplement in colostrum replacer (CR) for improving the general health status (judged on the basis of incidence of enteritis, bronchitis, and pneumonia) of group-housed suckling Japanese Black calves. In a preliminary study, CR supplemented with DFA III (6 g) was orally administered within 24 h of calving to eight individually reared calves fed colostrum (DFA III group) (Exp. 1). Subsequently, CR supplemented with DFA III (6 g) was orally administered twice within 2 and 12 h of calving to four calves (DFA III group) that were not fed colostrum (Exp. 2). In both experiments, the health status of the calves was assessed during the preweaning period. In Exp. 2, hematological and blood-chemistry parameters were analyzed 24 h after the second administration of CR and at 1 wk and 1 month after calving. The results were compared between the DFA III and control groups (without DFA III supplementation; Exp. 1: n = 10, Exp. 2: n = 4). In Exp. 1, the number of calves requiring medications for the treatment of enteritis, bronchitis, and pneumonia during the preweaning period was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the DFA III group than in the control group. In Exp. 2, supplementation of DFA III did not influence the gain in body weight of calves during the pre-weaning period. Calves in the DFA III group tended to require medications for a shorter duration than those in the control group (DFA III: 10.3 d/calf, control: 21.3 d/calf; p = 0.07). Significant differences (p<0.05) in the level of mean corpuscular hemoglobin, total protein, total cholesterol, and immunoglobulin (Ig)G were observed between the DFA III and control groups. These differences probably reflect the health and nutritional status of the calves. Additionally, the serum iron and lactoferrin concentrations at 24 h and 1 wk after calving, respectively, differed significantly between the 2 groups. These concentrations might reflect the incidence of infections after calving. The present study revealed that the administration of DFA III as a CR supplement may prevent diseases in group-housed calves during the pre-weaning period.