계층 구조 클러스터링 알고리즘 설계 및 그 응용

방영근,박하용,이철희 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 2009 産業技術硏究 Vol.29 No.B

In many cases, clustering algorithms have been used for extracting and discovering useful information from non-linear data. They have made a great effect on performances of the systems dealing with non-linear data. Thus, this paper presents a new approach called hierarchically structured clustering algorithm, and it is applied to the prediction system for non-linear time series data. The proposed hierarchically structured clustering algorithm (called HCKA: Hierarchical Cross- correlation and K-means clustering Algorithms) in which the cross-correlation and k-means clustering algorithm are combined can accept the correlationship of non-linear time series as well as statistical characteristics. First, the optimal differences of data are generated, which can suitably reveal the characteristics of non-linear time series. Second, the generated differences are classified into the upper clusters for their predictors by the cross-correlation clustering algorithm, and then each classified differences are classified again into the lower fuzzy sets by the k-means clustering algorithm. As a result, the proposed method can give an efficient classification and improve the performance. Finally, we demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed HCKA via typical time series examples.

초등 경도장애아동을 위한 자기결정기술 프로그램의 적용효과에 대한 특수교사와 일반교사의 인식비교

방명애,최하영 국립특수교육원 2003 특수교육연구 Vol.10 No.2

본 연구는 초등 경도장애아동의 자기결정기술을 향상시키기 위해 프로그램을 개발하고 적용하여 프로그램의 적용효과에 대한 특수교사와 일반교사의 인식을 비교하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 연구설계는 단일집단 사전-사후 설계이며, 연구대상은 시간제 특수학급에 배치되어 있으며 일반학급에서 통합교육을 받고 있는 10명의 경도장애아동이었으며 12주에 걸쳐 주 2-3회기 총 31회기를 적용하였다. 사전검사와 사후검사는 연구자들이 개발한 프로그램에 초한 자기결정기술 평가척도를 사용하였다. 대응표본 t 검정 결과, 특수교사와 일반교사들 모두 자기결정기술 교수프로그램이 초등 경도장애아동의 자기결정기술을 향상시키는데 효과가 있다고 인식하고 있었다. 그러나, 특수교사는 6개의 하위영역에서 모두 효과가 있었다고 인식한 반면에, 일반교사들은 자기인식영역을 제외한 5개의 하위영역에서 효과가 있었다고 인식하였다. The purpose of this study was to compare special education teachers' perception with general education teachers' perception on the effects of a self-determination skills program for elementary school children with mild disabilities. One-group pretest-posttest research design was used for this study. Five boys and five girls with mild disabilities participated in the 31-session self-determination program composed of 71 activities during 3 months. Self-determination skills of subjects were measured by their special education teacher and general education teachers before and after implementing the program using the Program-based Self-determination Skills Scale developed by the authors. Matched pair t-test was used for the analyses. The research findings were as follows: (1) According to the special education teacher perception, there was a statistically significant improvement of self-determination stills of elementary school children with mild disabilities after implementing the self-determination program. (2) Similarly, according to the general education teacher perception, there was a statistically significant improvement of self-determination skills of elementary school children with mild disabilities after implementing the self-determination program. (3) According to the special education teacher perception, there was a statistically significant improvement of 6 sub-areas such as self-awareness, self-management, choice-making, self-advocacy, support-net-working, and community use. On the contrary, according to the general education teacher perception, there was a statistically significant improvement of 5 sub-areas such as self-management, choice-making. self-advocacy, support-networking, and community use. The implications of the research results were discussed.

강릉수력발전소의 발전수 방류가 강릉남대천의 수질에 미치는 영향

전방욱,박광하 江陵大學校東海岸地域硏究所 1992 東海岸硏究 Vol.3 No.1

강릉수력발전소의 발전수 방류가 강릉 남대천의 수질에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 1988년 5월 (방류전) 및 1991년 5월 (방류후)의 두번에 걸쳐 7개 정점에서 하천수를 채취하고 수온, 수소이온농도, 용존산소량, 생물화학적산소요구량, 화학적 산소요구량, 질산태 질소, 아질산태 질소, 암모니아태 질소 및 무기인산의 농도를 측정하였다. 또 발전수 방류 전후의 각 정점간의 유사도를 알아보고자 집괴분석을 시도하였다. 그 결과 정점 3상류지역의 강릉수력발전소 방류는 수질에 상당한 영향을 끼쳐 정점 3 및 정점 4의 수질은 악화되고 정점 5, 정점 6 및 정점 7의 수질은 개선되었으며, 수질측면에서 강릉수력발전소 발전수 방류 상류지역(정점 1 및 정점 2)과 강릉수력발전소 발전수 방류 하류지역(정점 3∼정점 7)으로 집괴가 뚜렷히 구별됨을 알 수 있었다. To elucidate the effect of water outflow Kangnung Hydropower Plant on the water quality of Namdaecheon Stream, Kangnung, water temperature, DO, BOD, COD, NO₃-N, NO₂-N, NH₄-N and PO₄-P of the water samples of May, 1988 (before the outflow) and May, 1991 (after the outflow) from seven stations were analyzed. Cluster analysis was also applied for the grouping of seven stations before and after the outflow. The water outflow above station 3 affected the water quality significantly; the water quality of station 3 and station 4 took a turn for the worse, however that of station 5, station 6 and station 7 changed for the better. The seven stations were clearly clustured into 2 groups on the water quality basis, upstream (station 1 and station 2) and downstream (station 3∼station 7).

탄화수소 자화세균의 분리

宋邦鎬,河惠貞 慶北大學校 1989 論文集 Vol.47 No.-

Four strains of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria from the sludges of petroleum factory were isolated by testing the growth abilities to utilize methanol, benzene, paraffin and petroleum. Each strain was designated as KM5001 ,5002 ,5003 and 5004, and the putative genus was identified as Neisseria, Flavobacterium, Streptococcus, and Pseuomonas, respectively. These strains were grown well in the CⅢ minimal medium supplemented with above hydrocarbon sources. The strains KM-5001 and 5002 were grown better than the others by utilizing various hydrocarbons and methanol. However, considering its doubling time and specific growth rates, all strains could be applicable for the industrial use for the purpose of removing the petroleum contamination from the sea and river. The strains were grown well from pH 6.0 to 7.0, while the growth rate was decreased at pH 9.0. The optimal growth temperature was 40C. Above40C, the growth rate of cells reduced extremely. All strains carried plasmids in which the genes for utilizing hydrocarbons may be inherent.

최근 4개년간 강릉 남대천의 BOD변화

김영하,전방욱,박광하,이성원 강릉대학교동해안지역연구소 1994 東海岸硏究 Vol.5 No.1

강릉남대천의 BOD를 1990년 4월부터 1993년 12월까지 모니터하였다. 강릉수력발전소의 발전수 방류 결과, 방수구와 홍제보의 BOD는 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, 하구의 BOD는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 회귀분석에의하면 방수구와 홍제보의 매월 BOD 증가율은 공히 0.031mg/l이었으며, 하구에서의 매월 BOD 감소율은 0.071mg/l였다. The BODs of Namdaecheon Stream, Kangnung were monitored from April, 1990 to December, 1993. BODs at water outlet and Hongjebo were gradually increased, while BOD at estuary was decreased due to water discharged from Kangnung hydropower plant. The increasing rates in BOD at water outlet and Hongjebo were both 0.031mg/l month and the decreasing rate at esturary was 0.071mg/l month by linear regression analysis.

영동지역 주요 3개 하천의 수질실태 및 관리에 관한 연구

박광하,민선홍,최봉종,전방욱 강릉대학교동해안지역연구소 1994 東海岸硏究 Vol.5 No.1

영동지방의 주요 3개 하천의 수질을 조사하고 QUAL-2E 모델을 적용하여 보았다. 강릉남대천은 각 수질항목에서 시기별, 정점별로 큰 차이를 보였으며, 일반적으로 상류의 수질은 하류로 갈수록 생활오수의 유입으로 수질이 악화되는 전형적인 양상을 나타내었다. 양양남대천은 강릉남대천 및 삼척오십천에 비하여 시기별 변이폭이 좁았으며 각 정점별의 수질도 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 삼척오십천은 시기별보다는 정점별 수질차이가 크게 나타났으며 오염된 상류의 수질이 자정작용에 의하여 개선되다가 다시 생활오수의 유입으로 인하여 악화되는 특이한 양상을 보였다. 모델링 결과 하천의 유속, 유량등의 실측 자료가 부족함에도 불구하고 강릉남대천과 양양남대천은 실측치와 예상치가 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 또한 이 모델을 사용하여 강릉남대천의 수질예측을 시도하였다. The water quality was monitored and QUAL-2E modelling was applied in three main stream of Youngdong area. Kangnung Namdaecheon was shown to be a typical stream that the downstream water quality was worse than in the upperstream. Water quality of Yangyang Namdaecheon was better than that of Kangnung Namdaecheon and Samchuk Osipcheon. The spatial variation of water quality was greater than the temporal variation in Samchuk Osipcheon: the polluted upperstream water got better in the midstream, but got worse gain in the downstream. Despite of the lack of suitable measurement data, Kangnung Namdaecheon and Ynagyang Namdaecheon showed good relationship between measured and obtained data: however Samchuk Osipcheon, which had many point sources and much pollution load, showed poor relationship. Based on this model, future water quality of Kangnung Namdaecheon was prospected.

횡계 송천수계의 수질상관

전방욱,박광하 강릉대학교동해안지역연구소 1991 東海岸硏究 Vol.2 No.1

다성분 농도상관행렬로부터 상관수를 구하여 횡계 송천수계의 수질상관을 알아보고자 하였다. 도암중앞의 수질에 가장 영향을 많이 미치는 지류는 재건교 지류였으며 저수지 입구의 수질은 용평입구의 지류에 큰 영향을 받고있다. The correlation of water quality in the Songcheon Stream, Hoeng-gye was investigated by correlation number derived from multi-component correlation matrix. Doam middle school station was most highly affected by Jaegeon bridge station, and Mouth of reservoir station was more affected by Yongpyung resort entrance station.

부산 일부 대학교 학생들의 니코틴 의존도와 구취의 연관성

김유린(외 5명) 신라대학교 자연과학연구소 2012 自然科學論文集 Vol.22 No.-

The purpose of this study is to examine the association of bad breath and nicotine dependency. By use of the findings from this study, This study conducted the survey of 53 smoker who visited dental hygiene lab for delivery from October to November 2012 with structured questionnaires(Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire FTQ) and equipment(CO measuring instrument, Oral Chroma etc). The data were analyzed by using SPSS 20.0 program for χ2-test, ANOVA. Smokers' average age was 23 years old. The more higher nicotine dependence the more the average age was higher. The more higher nicotine dependence the less to nque brushing. No association of nicotine dependence and self-bad breath level. CO State was Significant differences(ND1(M=2.58), ND2(M=3.98), ND3(M=7.41), ND4(M=4.19), ND5(M=13.14))(F=2.616, p=.047). Dimethyl Sulfide was Significant differences(F=3.026, p=.026).

컴퓨터 법에 있어서의 책임에 관한 연구

鄭鎭世,鄭在晃,方碩皓,河泰勳,李成德,崔鳳哲 홍익대학교 1995 弘大論叢 Vol.27 No.-

This paper, coauthored by Chin-Se Chung, as well as other 5 faculty members at Hong-Ik University Department of Law (Jea-Hwang Jeong, Suk-Ho Bang, Tae-Hoon Ha, Seong-Deog Yi and Bong-Chul Choi), deals with liability issuses surrounding constitutional law, administrative law, civil law (contracts, torts), commercial law, criminal law, international law and philosophy & law. Professor of Law Jea-Hwang Jeong makes a comparative analysis of privacy protection and disclosure of information legal issues, appeared at current Korean law and draft of law in case of the latter one. He suggestes some desirable ways of legislation through revision process and operation of legal rules at his paper. Professor of Law Suk-Ho Bang makes a brief survey of civil liability issues arising out of contracts and torts in English and American law, first. He tries to show that many Parts of arguments in such legal world are attributed to Statute of Frauds tradition, unique to such legal world. New developments in the area of torts, including computer malpractice and computer virus, are shown and analysed in terms of application possibility under our current law. But, as even the Anglo-American courts are found very reluctant to accept those arguments as new grounds for torts liability, it seems more plausible and practicable to refer to contractual approach, basically, rather than to torts approach even under English American law. Professor of Law Chin-Se Chung suggests in his paper on EFT that the allocation of liability under EFT be made under the new and most relevant principle, working for useful transmission way of fund, not solely under traditional legal principles. If such new principle works with high return of risk to users, it makes imminent problems against the goats of consumer protection, and eventually will be hardly refered to. Conversely, if it requires too much sacrifice from the side of banks, then the convenience in such system will not be utilized. So, it may be natural that EFT be discarded even without proper functioning under market system. In conclusion, Professor Chung points out that, only when banks fond that the economy out of cost-saving at tasks outweighs the risk undertaken by the banks, the banks will operate the system. But, if this system makes more return of benefits to the banks with the burden of users, it is against the idea of equity. Consequently, the banks should bear the aggeviated risks in return for the cost saved under this system Professor of Law Tae-Hoon Ha focuses his research paper on criminal liability under EFT. He draws his conclusion out of current criminal statutes that illegal fund transfer under automatic teller machines, cash cards and information system can not be penalized due to lack of proper statutory provision. So, the criminal provision on computer crime, newly made on December of 1995, can be positively appreciated. But, he anticipates that the question whether such new provision will be successful in regulating all illegal activites at fund transfor system without any operation defects in criminal code, or will cause new problem in interpretation of criminal code remains unsolved. Professor of Law Seong-Deog Yi examines the international legal issues which may be given rise to by direct satellite broadcasting. In his paper, the issue of national jurisdiction in relation to direct satellite broadcasting is firstly dealt with. Secondly, the possible ways in which direct satellite broadcasting is regulated by international law are examined with special emphasis of two different approaches, that is, freedom of information approach and state sovereignty approach. In this context, many international conventions concerning direct satellite broadcasting in Particular, and international regulatory regime of outer space in general are broadly reviewed. Thirdly, the types of activities which may be a violation of international legal regime of direct satellite broadcasting are suggested and the possible lethal remedies for these violations are proposed with the traditional international state responsibility law in mind. Professor of Law Bong-Chul Choi explores the relations of computerized society to its laws throughout his paper as a kind of conclusion of this whole paper. Computerized society is one that the technical, scientific, informational knowledge prevails. With correspondence to the structural change in knowledge, the law of such a society has suffered transformation, and the knowledge and techniques distributing and computing legal responsibility has also changed. However, he does not insist that the diffusion of technical knowledge is the sole factor of the transformation of legal responsibility. It is only one of the various factors. Moreover, he does not deny the continuation between the classical techniques distributing legal responsibility and the contemporary ones. In this era, the law realizes fairness and community values at the expense of singularities. In addition, he proposes that legal scholars take the diagnosis of law from the perspective of the technology/knowledge shifts seriously.

An Improved Semivariogram for Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Contaminants

Ha, Bang-Soo,Kang, Sungkwon 조선대학교 기초과학연구소 1998 自然科學硏究 Vol.21 No.1

To estimate the values of a regionalized variable at unmeasured locations, it is needed to have a good correlation between spatial distances of sample locations and the corresponding variances. This correlation which is the key relation in estimating procedure is represented by a semivariogram. In this paper, we introduce two concepts, averaging process and symmetry, for obtaining a good semivariogram compared with the one by conventional approaches. Using these two concepts, the semivariogram is improved significantly.