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Cand1 Promotes Assembly of New SCF Complexes through Dynamic Exchange of F Box Proteins
Pierce, Nathan W.,Lee, J.,Liu, X.,Sweredoski, Michael J.,Graham, Robert L.J.,Larimore, Elizabeth A.,Rome, M.,Zheng, N.,Clurman, Bruce E.,Hess, S.,Shan, S.o.,Deshaies, Raymond J. Cell Press ; MIT Press 2013 Cell Vol.153 No.1
The modular SCF (Skp1, cullin, and F box) ubiquitin ligases feature a large family of F box protein substrate receptors that enable recognition of diverse targets. However, how the repertoire of SCF complexes is sustained remains unclear. Real-time measurements of formation and disassembly indicate that SCF<SUP>Fbxw7</SUP> is extraordinarily stable, but, in the Nedd8-deconjugated state, the cullin-binding protein Cand1 augments its dissociation by one-million-fold. Binding and ubiquitylation assays show that Cand1 is a protein exchange factor that accelerates the rate at which Cul1-Rbx1 equilibrates with multiple F box protein-Skp1 modules. Depletion of Cand1 from cells impedes recruitment of new F box proteins to pre-existing Cul1 and profoundly alters the cellular landscape of SCF complexes. We suggest that catalyzed protein exchange may be a general feature of dynamic macromolecular machines and propose a hypothesis for how substrates, Nedd8, and Cand1 collaborate to regulate the cellular repertoire of SCF complexes.
The Role of Large Scale Mixing and Radiation in the Scaling of NOx Emissions From Unconfined Flames
Newbold, Greg J.R.,Nathan, Graham J.,Nobes, David S.,Turns, Stephen R. The Korean Society of Combustion 2002 한국연소학회지 Vol.7 No.1
Measurements of global emissions, flame radiation and flame dimensions are presented for unconfined turbulent-jet and precessing-jet diffusion flames. Precessing jet flames are characterised by increases in global flame radiation and global flame residence time for methane and propane fuels, however a strong dependency of the NOx emission indices on the fuel type exists. The fuel type dependence is considered to be because soot radiation is more effective than gas-radiation at reducing global flame temperatures relative to adiabatic flame temperatures and reducing the NO production rate.