ANN based prediction of moment coefficients in slabs subjected to patch load

Giri, Venkiteela,Upadhyay, Akhil Techno-Press 2006 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.24 No.4

Role of Bacillus subtilis VSG4-derived biosurfactant in mediating immune responses in Labeo rohita

Giri, S.S.,Sen, S.S.,Jun, J.W.,Sukumaran, V.,Park, S.C. Academic Press 2016 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.54 No.-

<P>This study aimed to isolate biosurfactant from CO2-sequestering Bacillus subtilis VSG4 and to evaluate its immunostimulatory effect in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 0.1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing the water-soluble fraction of purified biosurfactant at 50 (S50), 100 (S100), 200 (S200), or 300 (S300) mu g mL(-1). Fish injected with PBS served as controls. Various immunological parameters, including immune-related gene expression, were measured at 14, 21, and 28 days post administration (dpa). At 28 dpa, the.fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and mortality was recorded up to 14 days. Among the immune parameters tested, lysozyme levels (36.32 +/- 1.79 U mL(-1)), alternative complement pathway activity (76.26 +/- 2.18 U mL(-1)), phagocytic activity (32.18 +/- 0.67%), and serum bactericidal activity (73.2 +/- 4.7%) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the 5200 group at 21 dpa than in the controls. Respiratory burst activity (0.386 +/- 0.008 OD630nm) was the highest in the 5200 group at 28 dpa. Of the immune-related genes examined, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta) were significantly down-regulated in the S200 and 5300 groups. Expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-beta) as well as IKB-alpha was higher (P < 0.05) in the S100-S300 groups at 21 dpa. The expression of NF-kappa B p65, IKK-beta, MAPKp38, and Myd88 was down-regulated in the treated groups when compared to the controls. Fish in the 5200 group exhibited the highest post challenge relative survival rate (67.88%). Collectively, these results suggest that secondary metabolite (biosurfactant) isolated from B. subtilis VSG4 at 200 mu g mL(-1) can positively influence immune responses, enhance disease resistance, and stimulate immune-related gene expression in L rohita. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

Effects of intracellular products of Bacillus subtilis VSG1 and Lactobacillus plantarum VSG3 on cytokine responses in the head kidney macrophages of Labeo rohita

Giri, S.S.,Sen, S.S.,Chi, C.,Kim, H.J.,Yun, S.,Park, S.C.,Sukumaran, V. Academic Press 2015 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.47 No.2

The efficiency of intracellular products (ICPs) of the probiotics Bacillus subtilis VSG1 and Lactobacillus plantarum VSG3 in stimulating cytokine responses in the head kidney (HK) macrophages of Labeo rohita was investigated. The HK macrophages were incubated with ICPs and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the responses of cytokine genes, namely interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-1β, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-18, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), interferon-1 (IFN-1), and IFN-γ were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-stimulation (hps). Among the proinflammatory cytokines, a strong increase in the gene expression of IL-1β and TNF-α was displayed mainly at 2-6 hps with ICPs, as compared to that of the positive control (LPS) or the negative control (PBS) (P < 0.05). However, COX-2 and NF-κB showed higher expression at 2 and 24 hps, and 6-24 hps with ICPs, respectively. Antiviral cytokines IFN-1 and IFN-γ displayed strong expressions (P < 0.05) at 6-12 hps, and 12-24 hps with ICPs, respectively. Upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, was recorded at 6-24 hps with ICPs, as compared to that controls. Expressions of cell-mediated immune factor genes (IL-12p35, IL-12p40, and IL-18) were also significantly upregulated at different time points, except 48 hps, in HK macrophages stimulated with ICPs. Furthermore, enhanced cellular (phagocytic activity and nitroblue tetrazolium assay) and humoral (lysozyme) immune parameters in stimulated cells confirmed the induction of the inflammatory response. Therefore, the results of this in vitro study indicate that the ICPs of B. subtilis VSG1 or L. plantarum VSG3 have great potential for stimulating the cytokine responses in fish, and are thereby potential immunostimulants to fish. Further studies could be conducted to explore its suitability as an adjuvant vaccine in aquaculture.

Does Technological Progress, Trade, or Financial Globalization Stimulate Income Inequality in India?

GIRI, Arun Kumar,PANDEY, Rajan,MOHAPATRA, Geetilaxmi Korea Distribution Science Association 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.2

The main purpose of the present research is to analyze the effects of trade, financial globalization, and technological progress on income inequality in the Indian economy over the period from 1982 to 2018. For this purpose, the study uses economic growth, financial globalization, trade openness, technological development, and economic inequality variables with appropriate proxies. The study employs the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to co-integration and VECM based Granger causality approach to estimate both the short-run and long-run relationship and causality among variables. Using the ARDL bounds test, the study finds a long-run co-integrating relationship existing among the variables in the model. The study confirms the existence of a positive and significant impact of technological progress on income inequality. Further, globalization's limited impact reflects two offsetting tendencies; trade globalization is associated with a reduction in income inequality, while financial globalization is related to an increase in inequality. The results of VECM based Granger causality approach further confirm that technological progress, trade, and financial globalization causes income inequality both directly and indirectly through economic growth and inflation. In case of India, the results of this research can significantly facilitate stakeholders and policymakers in devising policies towards effective globalization and technological innovation for inclusive growth.

Pinocembrin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in Labeo rohita macrophages via the suppression of the NF-κB signalling pathway

Giri, S.S.,Sen, S.S.,Sukumaran, V.,Park, S.C. Academic Press 2016 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.56 No.-

<P>Pinocembrin is a flavonoid that has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological and biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. To explore the anti-inflammatory activity of pinocembrin in a fish cell line, we investigated its ability to regulate the inflammatory mediators elevated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Labeo rohita head-kidney (HK) macrophages. HK macrophages of L. rohita were treated with LPS (1 (mu g mL(-1)) in the presence or absence of pinocembrin. We examined the inhibitory effect of pinocembrin on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) production. The inhibitory effect of pinocembrin on nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was investigated by RT-PCR and western blot. The effect of pinocembrin on pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)) and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was investigated by ELISA and RT-PCR. The phosphorylation of three mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK, JNK, and p38 was analysed by western blot. Pinocembrin inhibited LPS-induced productions of NO and PGE2, and also markedly inhibited TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, iNOS, and COX-2 production in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta mRNA expression levels decreased significantly, while IL-10 mRNA expression increased (P < 0.05) with pinocembrin pre-treatment. RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that pinocembrin decreased both the mRNA and protein expression levels of LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 in HK macrophages. Pinocembrin suppressed the phosphorylation of MAPK in LPS-stimulated HK macrophages. Further, pinocembrin significantly inhibited LPS-induced NF-kappa B transcriptional activity via the attenuation of I kappa B alpha degradation. Taken together, pinocembrin reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta, by inhibiting NF-kappa B activation via the suppression of ERK and p38 phosphorylation, and by attenuating the degradation of I kappa B alpha. These results suggest that pinocembrin is a potential novel candidate for the treatment of inflammatory conditions in L. rohita macrophages. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

Antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-adhesive activities of biosurfactants isolated from <i>Bacillus</i> strains

Giri, S.S.,Ryu, EC.,Sukumaran, V.,Park, S.C. Elsevier 2019 Microbial pathogenesis Vol.132 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds that display a range of physiological functions. The present study investigated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-adhesive or <I>anti</I>-biofilm potential of biosurfactants isolated from <I>Bacillus subtilis</I> VSG4 and <I>Bacillus licheniformis</I> VS16. The antioxidant activity of the biosurfactants was studied <I>in vitro</I> using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals. At 5 mg/mL of the biosurfactant concentration, the scavenging of DPPH and hydroxyl radicals was found to be between 69.1-73.5% and 63.3-69.8%, respectively. The biosurfactants also displayed significant antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The anti-adhesive activities of the biosurfactants were evaluated against <I>Staphylococcus aureus</I> ATCC 29523, <I>Salmonella typhimurium</I> ATCC 19430, and <I>Bacillus cereus</I> ATCC 11778. The biosurfactants exhibited anti-adhesive activity, even at concentrations of 3-5 mg/mL. Moreover, both biosurfactants displayed notable <I>anti</I>-biofilm activities with a biofilm eradication percentage ranging from 63.9 to 80.03% for VSG4 biosurfactant, and from 61.1-68.4% for VS16 biosurfactant. Furthermore, VSG4 biosurfactant exhibited emulsification and surface tension stability over a wide range of pH (4-10) and temperature up to 100 °C. These results show that VSG4 and VS16 biosurfactants can be potentially used as natural antioxidants, antimicrobials, and/or anti-adhesive agents for food and biomedical applications.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Biological potential of biosurfactants derived from two <I>Bacillus</I> strains were evaluated. </LI> <LI> Biosurfactants exhibited DPPH & hydroxyl radical antioxidant activities. </LI> <LI> Promising antibacterial & anti-adhesive activities were found in both biosurfactants </LI> <LI> Biosurfactants showed a satisfactory antibiofilm effect against tested bacteria. </LI> </UL> </P>

Dietary emodin affects the growth performance, immune responses, and disease resistance of Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila

Giri, S. S.,Jai Suda, S.,Sukumaran, V.,Park, S. C. Springer Science + Business Media 2016 AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL Vol.24 No.1

<P>Healthy Labeo rohita (mean bodyweight of 20.1 g) were divided into four groups before being fed for 60 days on diets supplemented with 0 (control), 20 (E1), 30 (E2), or 40 (E3) mg kg(-1) emodin. Various growth and immune parameters were measured after 15, 30, 45, and 60 days of feeding. Fish fed E2 diet exhibited accelerated (p < 0.05) weight gain after 30-60 days of feeding. The most significant improvements (p < 0.05) in immune parameters, such as lysozyme activity, alternative complement pathway activity, respiratory bursts activity, phagocytic activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and myloperoxidase activity, were observed in the E2-fed group after 30 and 45 days of feeding. However, fish groups fed E2 or E3 diets exhibited significantly lower malondialdehyde, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities than did the control group after 30 and 45 days of feeding. The IgM level was significantly elevated in treatment groups after 30 and 45 days of feeding. Further, fish fed E2 diet for 45 days had the highest (p < 0.005) post-challenge survival rate (83.3 %), followed by fish fed E2 diet for 30 days (75 %). Therefore, dietary feeding of emodin at 30 mg kg(-1) to L. rohita for 30-45 days is optimal to enhance the immunity and disease resistance against A. hydrophila.</P>

Cellulose and its derivatives for application in 3D printing of pharmaceuticals

Giri Bhupendra Raj,Poudel Surendra,김동욱 한국약제학회 2021 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.51 No.1

Background Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has emerged as an advanced manufacturing technology capable of producing complex yet precise medicines intended for patient-centric drug therapy. However, printable materials currently available for 3DP are far too limited. Area covered The current article covers various cellulose-based polymers as well as their applications, especially in 3DP of oral solid dosage forms. The review focuses on their physicochemical properties, roles, and functions in conventional as well as 3DP dosage forms, and the characteristics of the obtained printed products are discussed. In addition, the challenges and considerations for processing cellulose-based feedstock materials are briefly presented. Expert opinion Cellulose and its derivatives are regarded as suitable polymers with a huge potential for applications in 3DP drug delivery systems. It is therefore essential to better understand cellulose-based printable polymers and their applications in 3DP.

Hydrodynamic simulations of oscillating shock waves in a sub-Keplerian accretion flow around black holes

Giri, Kinsuk,Chakrabarti, Sandip K.,Samanta, Madan M.,Ryu, D. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 MONTHLY NOTICES- ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY Vol.403 No.1

<P>ABSTRACT</P><P>We study the accretion processes on a black hole by a numerical simulation. We use a grid-based finite difference code for this purpose. We scan the parameter space spanned by the specific energy and the angular momentum and compare the time-dependent solutions with those obtained from theoretical considerations. We found several important results. (a) The time-dependent flow behaves close to a constant height model flow in the pre-shock region and a flow with vertical equilibrium in the post-shock region. (c) The infall time-scale in the post-shock region is several times higher than the free-fall time-scale. (b) There are two discontinuities in the flow, one being just outside of the inner sonic point. Turbulence plays a major role in determining the locations of these discontinuities. (d) The two discontinuities oscillate with two different frequencies and behave as a coupled harmonic oscillator. A Fourier analysis of the variation of the outer shock location indicates higher power at the lower frequency and lower power at the higher frequency. The opposite is true when the analysis of the inner shock is made. These behaviours will have implications in the spectral and timing properties of black hole candidates.</P>

<i>Chlorophytum borivilianum</i> Polysaccharide Fraction Provokes the Immune Function and Disease Resistance of <i> Labeo rohita</i> against <i> Aeromonas hydrophila</i>

Giri, Sib Sankar,Sen, Shib Sankar,Chi, Cheng,Kim, Hyoun Joong,Yun, Saekil,Park, Se Chang,Sukumaran, V. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2015 Journal of immunology research Vol.2015 No.-

<P>The present study aimed to investigate the effects of<I> Chlorophytum borivilianum</I> polysaccharide (CBP), as a dietary supplement administered at varying concentrations with feed (basal diet), on various cytokine-related responses in<I> Labeo rohita</I> fingerlings. Immune parameters and immune-related gene expressions were measured at 3rd, 4th, and 5th week after feeding. The results revealed that dietary administration of CBP at 0.2% and 0.4% for 4 weeks significantly upregulated serum lysozyme and phagocytic activity. Complement C3 and respiratory burst activity (RBA) were significantly higher after 4 weeks of CBP feeding. The immune related genes<I> IL-8</I>,<I> IL-1β</I>,<I> TNF-α</I>, and<I> iNOS</I> were downregulated (<I>P</I> < 0.05) in groups with 0.2% and 0.4% CBP supplemented diets at week 4. Expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (<I>IL-10</I> and<I> TGF-β</I>) was also downregulated (<I>P</I> < 0.5) after 4 weeks of feeding with 0.2% to 0.8% CBP. However, five weeks of CBP administration had no significant effect on immune gene expression, except<I> TNF-α</I> and<I> IL-8</I>. Fish fed with 0.4% CBP for 4 weeks showed maximum resistance against<I> Aeromonas hydrophila</I> (73.3% survival) compared to control. From these results, we recommend that CBP administration at 0.4% for 4 weeks could effectively improve immune response and disease resistance in<I> L. rohita</I>.</P>