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Gerelchuluun, Turmunkh,Lee, Young-Hee,Lee, Young-Ran,Im, Sun-A,Song, Suk-Gil,Park, Jeong-Sook,Han, Kun,Kim, Kyung-Jae,Lee, Chong-Kil 대한약학회 2007 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.30 No.11
Biodegradable nanospheres generated from a biocompatible polymer, poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), have been studied extensively as implantable reservoirs for sustained-release drug delivery. PLGA-nanospheres have also been studied as vehicles to deliver antigens to phagocytes. The intracellular ar processing pathway of antigens delivered to phagocytes by PLGA particles was studied in the present study. Ovalbumin (OVA) encapsulated with PLGA (OVA-nanosphere) was efficiently captured, processed and presented on class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) by dendritic cells (DCs). The MHC-I processing of OVA-nano-spheres was resistant to lactacystin, a proteosome inhibitor, and brefeldin A, which blocks anterograde transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the Golgi apparatus. Chloroquine, which inhibits phagolysosomal enzymes by increasing ph ago lysosomal pH, inhibited MHC-I processing of OVA-nanospheres. In addition, DCs generated from TAP-/- mice were markedly suppressed in MHC-I processing of OVA-nanospheres. These results demonstrate that DCs process phagocytosed OVA-nanospheres via a vacuolar alternate MHC-I pathway for presentation of OVA peptides to T lymphocytes.
Air temperature distribution over Mongolia using dynamical downscaling and statistical correction
Gerelchuluun, Bayasgalan,Ahn, Joong‐,Bae John Wiley Sons, Ltd 2014 International journal of climatology Vol.34 No.7
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>In this study, dynamical downscaling was performed using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to attain fine‐resolution gridded meteorological information capable of reflecting Mongolia's complex topographical effect. Mongolia's sparse station network, with an average inter‐station distance 107 km, is incapable of representing the spatial distribution of climate variables, such as temperature, over the country's complex topography. In order to reproduce fine‐scale air temperature in Mongolia, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis II data with 6‐h intervals from 1981 to 2010 were used as the initial and boundary conditions of the WRF model. A one‐way nesting system was applied for two nested domains with horizontal grid spaces of 60 and 20 km. For correction of the systematic biases induced by dynamical downscaling, a statistical correction method was used for the downscaled results simulated by the WRF model. The bias was divided into two parts: the mean and the perturbation. The former was corrected by using a weighting function and a temperature inversion, and the latter by using the self‐organizing maps method. In the former correction, the temperature inversion, characterized by an inverted lapse rate, in which temperature increases with increasing height in the lower atmosphere, was considered only when the temperature inversion occurred. According to our result, the domain‐averaged Root Mean Square Difference of the model‐simulated annual mean temperature was decreased from 3.7 °C to 2.1 °C after the statistical and temperature inversion corrections. On the basis of our study, we suggested that the area‐averaged, fine‐resolution, annual mean temperature of Mongolia was 1.1 °C (station mean temperature 0.5 °C). Our correction method improves not only spatial patterns with fine resolution but also the time‐varying temperature variance over Mongolia.</P>
Bayasgalan, Gerelchuluun,Ahn, Joong‐,Bae John Wiley Sons, Ltd 2018 International journal of climatology Vol.38 No.14
<P>The hindcast data of Pusan National University coupled general circulation model (PNU CGCM), a participant model of the Asia‐Pacific Economic Cooperation Climate Center (APCC) Multi‐Model Ensemble Climate Prediction System, and August–October sea‐surface temperature (SST) in the northern Barents–Kara Sea (BKI) and the sea‐ice extent (SIE) in the Chukchi Sea (East Siberian Sea index [ESI]) are used for predicting 20 × 20‐km‐resolution anomalous surface air temperature at 2‐m height (aT2m) over Mongolia for boreal winter. For this purpose, area‐averaged surface air temperature (TI) and sea‐level pressure (SLP) over Mongolia are defined. Then four large‐scale indices, TI<SUB>mdl</SUB> and SHI<SUB>mdl</SUB> obtained from PNU CGCM, and TI<SUB>MLR</SUB> and SHI<SUB>MLR</SUB> obtained from multiple linear regressions on BKI and ESI, are incorporated using the artificial neural network (ANN) method for the prediction and statistical downscaling to obtain the monthly and seasonal 20 × 20‐km‐resolution aT2m over Mongolia in winter. An additional statistical method, which uses BKI and ESI as predictors of TI and SHI together with dynamic prediction by the CGCM, is used because of the relatively low skill of seasonal predictions by most of the state‐of‐the‐art models and the multi‐model ensemble systems over high‐latitude landlocked Eurasian regions such as Mongolia. The results show that the predictabilities of monthly and seasonal 20 × 20‐km‐resolution aT2m over Mongolia in winter are improved by applying ANN to both statistical and dynamical predictions compared to utilizing only dynamic prediction. The predictability gained by the proposed method is also demonstrated by the probabilistic forecast implying that the method forecasts aT2m over Mongolia in winter reasonably well.</P>
Turmunkh Gerelchuluun,이영희,이영란,임선아,송석길,박정숙,한건,김경제,이종길 대한약학회 2007 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.30 No.11
Biodegradable nanospheres generated from a biocompatible polymer, poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), have been studied extensively as implantable reservoirs for sustained-release drug delivery. PLGA-nanospheres have also been studied as vehicles to deliver antigens to phagocytes. The intracellular ar processing pathway of antigens delivered to phagocytes by PLGA particles was studied in the present study. Ovalbumin (OVA) encapsulated with PLGA (OVA-nanosphere) was efficiently captured, processed and presented on class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) by dendritic cells (DCs). The MHC-I processing of OVA-nano-spheres was resistant to lactacystin, a proteosome inhibitor, and brefeldin A, which blocks anterograde transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the Golgi apparatus. Chloroquine, which inhibits phagolysosomal enzymes by increasing ph ago lysosomal pH, inhibited MHC-I processing of OVA-nanospheres. In addition, DCs generated from TAP-/- mice were markedly suppressed in MHC-I processing of OVA-nanospheres. These results demonstrate that DCs process phagocytosed OVA-nanospheres via a vacuolar alternate MHC-I pathway for presentation of OVA peptides to T lymphocytes.
Evidence for Direct Inhibition of MHC-Restricted Antigen Processing by Dexamethasone
임선아,Turmunkh Gerelchuluun,이종길 대한면역학회 2014 Immune Network Vol.14 No.6
Dexamethasone (Dex) was shown to inhibit the differentiation,maturation, and antigen-presenting function ofdendritic cells (DC) when added during DC generation ormaturation stages. Here, we examined the direct effects ofDex on MHC-restricted antigen processing. Macrophageswere incubated with microencapsulated ovalbumin (OVA) inthe presence of different concentrations of Dex for 2 h, andthe efficacy of OVA peptide presentation was evaluated usingOVA-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells. Dex inhibited bothclass I- and class II-restricted presentation of OVA to T cells;this inhibitory effect on antigen presentation was much morepotent in immature macrophages than in mature macrophages. The presentation of the exogenously added OVApeptide SIINFEKL was not blocked by Dex. In addition,short-term treatment of macrophages with Dex had no discernibleeffects on the phagocytic activity, total expressionlevels of MHC molecules or co-stimulatory molecules. Theseresults demonstrate that Dex inhibits intracellular processingevents of phagocytosed antigens in macrophages
Evidence for Direct Inhibition of MHC-Restricted Antigen Processing by Dexamethasone
Im, Sun-A,Gerelchuluun, Turmunkh,Lee, Chong-Kil The Korean Association of Immunobiologists 2014 Immune Network Vol.14 No.6
Dexamethasone (Dex) was shown to inhibit the differentiation, maturation, and antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells (DC) when added during DC generation or maturation stages. Here, we examined the direct effects of Dex on MHC-restricted antigen processing. Macrophages were incubated with microencapsulated ovalbumin (OVA) in the presence of different concentrations of Dex for 2 h, and the efficacy of OVA peptide presentation was evaluated using OVA-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells. Dex inhibited both class I- and class II-restricted presentation of OVA to T cells; this inhibitory effect on antigen presentation was much more potent in immature macrophages than in mature macrophages. The presentation of the exogenously added OVA peptide SIINFEKL was not blocked by Dex. In addition, short-term treatment of macrophages with Dex had no discernible effects on the phagocytic activity, total expression levels of MHC molecules or co-stimulatory molecules. These results demonstrate that Dex inhibits intracellular processing events of phagocytosed antigens in macrophages.