The Ritual Experience in the Catalan Pro-Independence Movement and Everyday Activism

Garam Kwon 부산외국어대학교 중남미지역원 2016 이베로아메리카 Vol.18 No.1

Based on ethnographic research conducted around the district of Gràcia, Barcelona, this article explores the experiences of Catalan activists during the annual demonstration on the National Day of Catalonia, and how these experiences affected the sustenance of the Catalan pro-independence movement. Especially focusing on activists’ participation in the demonstration of the Catalan Way in 2013, this study pays particular attention to how a strong emotional experience had by activists during the “ritual of resistance” became a source of energy for activists to continue their activism in everyday life. As the movement became accessible from the neighbourhoods, the participation of ordinary people with no previous experience of activism increased in the Catalan pro-independence movement. As activists started to prepare for the annual demonstration, social interactions increased and the local ambiance became energised. On the day of the demonstration, activists began to perform a ritual symbolising Catalan independence as the popular will, and they could feel a “collective effervescence” during this ritual. This strong emotional experience during the ritual lasted even after the ritual was finished, thereby inspiring the continuation and expansion of pro-independence activism in their quotidian life.

The Ritual Experience in the Catalan Pro-Independence Movement and Everyday Activism

Kwon, Garam 부산외국어대학교 이베로아메리카연구소 2016 이베로아메리카 Vol.18 No.1

Based on ethnographic research conducted around the district of Gràcia, Barcelona, this article explores the experiences of Catalan activists during the annual demonstration on the National Day of Catalonia, and how these experiences affected the sustenance of the Catalan pro-independence movement. Especially focusing on activists’ participation in the demonstration of the Catalan Way in 2013, this study pays particular attention to how a strong emotional experience had by activists during the “ritual of resistance” became a source of energy for activists to continue their activism in everyday life. As the movement became accessible from the neighbourhoods, the participation of ordinary people with no previous experience of activism increased in the Catalan pro-independence movement. As activists started to prepare for the annual demonstration, social interactions increased and the local ambiance became energised. On the day of the demonstration, activists began to perform a ritual symbolising Catalan independence as the popular will, and they could feel a “collective effervescence” during this ritual. This strong emotional experience during the ritual lasted even after the ritual was finished, thereby inspiring the continuation and expansion of pro-independence activism in their quotidian life. Key Words: Catalan Pro-Independence Movement, Nationalism, Ritual of Resistance, Collective Effervescence, Catalan Way Basado en una investigación etnográfica llevada a cabo en el distrito de Gràcia, en Barcelona, este artículo explora cómo los activistas catalanes viven la manifestación anual que se da cada 11 de Setiembre, el Día Nacional de Cataluña y cómo estas experiencias afectan el sostenimiento del movimiento independentista catalán. Enfocado especialmente en la participación de los activistas en la manifestación de la ‘Vía Catalana’ del 2013, este estudio presta una atención especial a cómo la fuerte experiencia emocional que los activistas experimentan mediante el 'ritual de resistencia' se convierte en una fuente para continuar su activismo en la vida cotidiana. A medida que el movimiento se hizo patente a nivel de los barrios, donde el nivel de intimidad y familiaridad es muy alto, la participación en el movimiento independentista catalán de la gente sin experiencia previa de activismo se incrementó notablemente. Tal como los activistas empezaron a preparar la manifestación anual, las interacciones sociales se incrementaron y el ambiente se cargaba de emoción. En el día de la manifestación, los activistas comenzaron sus tareas para simbolizar la independencia catalana como la ‘voluntad popular’ y podían sentir ‘efervescencia colectiva’ mediante este ritual. La experiencia emocional que los activistas tuvieron durante el ritual duró más allá de finalizado este ritual, operando como un recurso para continuar y ampliar el activismo en su vida cotidiana. Palabras Clave: Independentismo Catalán, Nacionalismo, Ritual de Resistencia, Efervescencia Colectiva, Vía Catalana

Investigation of pullout load capacity for helical anchors subjected to inclined loading conditions using coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian analyses

Kwon, Ochang,Lee, Jiyeong,Kim, Garam,Kim, Incheol,Lee, Junhwan Elsevier 2019 Computers and geotechnics Vol.111 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The pullout load carrying behavior of helical anchors for inclined loading conditions was investigated based on the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) analyses. Various types of helical anchors, specified as Types 1 to 6, were adopted in the analyses. Types 1, 2 and 3 represent those with one, two, and three equal-diameter helical plates and Type 4 was a helical anchor type with two helical plates of different diameters. Types 5 and 6 were both with three helical plates of different diameters in opposite diameter configurations. Inclined loading conditions affected the pullout capacity (Q<SUB>u</SUB>) of helical anchors producing lower Q<SUB>u</SUB> with increasing load inclination. The patterns of the Q<SUB>u</SUB> decrease with increasing load inclination were similar for all helical anchor types considered in this study. The values of Q<SUB>u</SUB> were approximately similar up to θ = 60° and then decreased continually with furthering increasing θ. Q<SUB>u</SUB> was lowest at θ = 90°. The top-down increasing diameter configuration of helical plates was more efficient than the bottom-up increasing diameter configuration. A normalized load capacity relationship was proposed, which can be used to evaluate Q<SUB>u</SUB> for inclined loading conditions. The pullout behavior of helical anchors was governed by helical plates with marked effects of helical plate configuration, which was however less pronounced with increasing θ.</P>

오매(烏梅)와 증숙오매(蒸熟烏梅)의 생리활성 연구

구가람 ( Garam Ku ),권오준 ( Ojun Kwon ),노성수 ( Seong-soo Roh ),서영배 ( Young-bae Seo ) 대한본초학회 2016 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.31 No.3

Objectives:Presently Mume Fructus (MF) undergoes fumigation, which produces benzo[a]pyrene. As a primary analysis with the aims to minimize the production of benzo[a]pyrene and to suggest standards for processing the MF, the steaming method was chosen among the various processing methods, and reviewed through a series of experiments. Methods:Pitted and un-pitted MF were steamed and processed into samples. After testing level of benzo[a]pyrene, the samples were analyzed for amount of polyphenol and flavonoids. Scavenging activities of the samples for the DPPH and ABTS radicals were tested. In order to measure anti-inflammatory effects of the samples, cell survival rate was investigated using CCK-8 Assay. Also, water extracts of dried and steamed MF were administered to the RAW 264.7 cells to compare expressions of NO, PGE2, IL-1β, and TNF-α. In addition, anti-diarrhea effects of the herbal medicine were tested on animal models with diarrhea induced by MgSO4 and Castor oil. Results:Regardless of pitting, processed MF contained no benzo[a]pyrene. Anti-oxidation effect increased in relation to the frequency of steaming process. However, extracts of dried and steamed MF suppressed different kinds of inflammation factors, and extract of dried MF showed superior anti-diarrhea effect than extract of steamed MF. Conclusions:It is suggested that steaming method of MF is recommended for processing the herbal medicine without the production of benzo[a]pyrene. But regarding that dried and steamed MF showed differences in their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diarrhea effects, it is recommended to perform further researches on different efficacies of MF according to their processing methods.

양자 간 대화 상황에서의 화자인식을 위한 문장 시퀀싱 방법을 통한 자동 말투 인식

강가람(Garam Kang),권오병(Ohbyung Kwon) 한국지능정보시스템학회 2021 지능정보연구 Vol.27 No.2

Speaker recognition is generally divided into speaker identification and speaker verification. Speaker recognition plays an important function in the automatic voice system, and the importance of speaker recognition technology is becoming more prominent as the recent development of portable devices, voice technology, and audio content fields continue to expand. Previous speaker recognition studies have been conducted with the goal of automatically determining who the speaker is based on voice files and improving accuracy. Speech is an important sociolinguistic subject, and it contains very useful information that reveals the speakers attitude, conversation intention, and personality, and this can be an important clue to speaker recognition. The final ending used in the speakers speech determines the type of sentence or has functions and information such as the speakers intention, psychological attitude, or relationship to the listener. The use of the terminating ending has various probabilities depending on the characteristics of the speaker, so the type and distribution of the terminating ending of a specific unidentified speaker will be helpful in recognizing the speaker. However, there have been few studies that considered speech in the existing text-based speaker recognition, and if speech information is added to the speech signal-based speaker recognition technique, the accuracy of speaker recognition can be further improved. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to propose a novel method using speech style expressed as a sentence-final ending to improve the accuracy of Korean speaker recognition. To this end, a method called sentence sequencing that generates vector values by using the type and frequency of the sentence-final ending appearing in the utterance of a specific person is proposed. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, learning and performance evaluation were conducted with a actual drama script. The method proposed in this study can be used as a means to improve the performance of Korean speech recognition service.

능/수동 통합 연계 운전석 에어백 개발

정가람(Garam Jeong),고석훈(Seokhoon Ko),박해권(Hae Kwon Park),이규상(Kyu Sang Lee),추헌정(Heonjung Choo),이효배(Hyo Bae Lee) 한국자동차공학회 2016 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2016 No.11

Room-Temperature Operation of a Single-Electron Transistor Made by Oxidation Process Using the Recessed Channel Structure

Lee, Joung-Eob,Kim, Garam,Wan, Kim Kyung,Shim, Won Bo,Lee, Jung-Han,Kang, Kwon-Chil,Yun, Jang-Gn,Lee, Jong-Ho,Shin, Hyungcheol,Park, Byung-Gook IOP Publishing 2010 Japanese journal of applied physics Vol.49 No.r11

Dynamic Driving Current Using Side Gate Bias of Single-Electron Transistors

Lee, Joung-Eob,Kim, Garam,Kim, Kyung-Wan,Lee, Jung-Han,Kang, Kwon-Chil,Lee, Jong-Ho,Shin, Hyungcheol,Park, Byung-Gook IOP Publishing 2011 Japanese journal of applied physics Vol.50 No.r7

제조방법을 달리한 경옥고의 고콜레스테롤혈증 흰쥐에 미치는 효능 비교 연구

최웅식 ( Ungsik Choe ),구가람 ( Garam Ku ),이아름 ( Ahreum Lee ),권오준 ( Ojun Kwon ),서영배 ( Young-bae Seo ) 대한본초학회 2017 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.32 No.3

Objectives: Kyeongok-go has the effect of antioxidant, anti-cancer, improving fatigue, and hyperlipidemia, but it is not easy to use in clinical practice becausee of the complicated manufacturing process of heat control and moisture control. The aim of this study was to explore the lipid improvement effect of new manufacturing methods prodeced Kyeongok-go in hyperlipidemia rats. Methods : The SD rats were divided randomly into 8 groups of six animals each : Normal rats (Nor), hyperlipidemia rats (Con), hyperlipidemia rats treated with Spirulina 60 ㎎/㎏(SP60), hyperlipidemia rats treated with Commercial Kyeongok-go 1 g/㎏ (K0), hyperlipidemia rats treated with Kyeongok-go manufactured by heating mantle 1 g/㎏ (K1), hyperlipidemia rats treated with ginseng fermentation Kyeongok-go 1 g/㎏ (KF), hyperlipidemia rats treated with Kyeongok-go with black ginseng 1 g/㎏ (BK), hyperlipidemia rats treated with black ginseng fermentation Kyeongok-go 1 g/㎏ (BKF). The experimental group induced hyperlipidemia by eating high cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. Also, we compared Kyeongok-go manufacturing method using the new method compared with traditional method. Results : As a result, the improvement effect of hyperlipemia using the new method showed the similar or better improvement effect compared with the conventional method, and it is considered that the Kyeongok-go manufacturing method using the new method can be substituted for the traditional Kyeongok-go manufacturing method. Conclusion : In conclusion, these results suggest that new manufacturing methods prodeced Kyeongok-go has the potential as a anti-hyperlipidemia material which possess lipid improvement activities.

Dual Gate Single-Electron Transistors with a Recessed Channel and Underlapped Source/Drain Structure

Lee, Joung-Eob,Kim, Garam,Yun, Jang-Gn,Kang, Kwon-Chil,Lee, Jung-Han,Kim, Dae-Hwan,Lee, Jong-Ho,Shin, Hyungcheol,Park, Byung-Gook IOP Publishing 2010 Japanese journal of applied physics Vol.49 No.r11