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The Challenges of Writing in the Disciplines
( John Gage ) 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2010 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.12 No.-
The essay reviews some of the philosophical justifications that underlie methods of teaching writing, citing classical rhetoric (in the European tradition) as the source of these assumptions in the conflict between Plato and the Sophists over the ethical problem of teaching an art of persuasion. The three philosophical justifications for teaching writing that I discuss are (1) Teaching students formal strategies of argument that give them power over others by manipulating their beliefs. (The Sophists) (2) Teaching students pure reasoning so that they will not be deceived by the strategies of persuasive discourse. (Plato) (3) Teaching writing as a process of discovering sharable grounds for agreement on issues not subject to pure reason. (Aristotle). It is the third justification that best warrants the teaching of writing across the curriculum as a way to "write to learn" rather than "learn to write," because it is this justification that imagines a world of discourse in which people disagree about fundamental questions and yet strive to reason together toward mutual understandings, i.e. the basic condition of university inter-disciplinarity. This essay therefore addresses, “how to imagine alternatives to technical competency as a basis for using writing to learn the knowledge of disciplinary fields.”
멸종 위기에 처한 위험한 파충류: 어떻게 CITES 부속서 I 등급로부터의 특별면제가 반(反)직관적이게도 특정한 파충류 종의 멸종을 막을 수 있는가
( Billy Gage Raley ) 한양대학교 법학연구소 2016 법학논총 Vol.33 No.4
사람들은 야생의 뱀과 악어들을 본능적으로 죽이기 때문에, 위험한 파충류 종들은 암울한 미래에 직면해 있다. 반면에 다행스럽게도 사람들은 길들여진 뱀과 악어를 그 가죽 때문에 경제적인 면에서 기르기도 한다. 그러나 해외 경쟁국으로부터 국내 파충류 시장을 지키고자 하는 미국과 호주와 같은 부유한 나라들은 최근에 멸종 위기에 처한 종의 국제거래를 규제하는 규정들을 교묘히 이용하고 있다. 이 논문은 멸종 위기에 처한 동식물종의 국제거래에 관한 협약(CITES)에 서명한 국가들이 즉시 협약이 인증한 농장에서 사육된 부속서 I 파충류의 수입에 대한 제한을 철폐하여야 하고, 또한 위험한 파충류를 부속서I로부터 부속서 II 등급으로 하향하는 제안을 지지하여야 한다는 점을 다루고 있다. Dangerous reptile species face a bleak future, as humans are instinctually-driven to kill wild snakes and crocodiles. Fortunately, people are also economically-driven to rear domesticated snakes and crocodiles for their skins. However, regulations that impose barriers to the international trade of endangered species are currently being exploited by wealthy nations such as the U.S. and Australia to protect their domestic reptile markets from foreign competition. This article argues that signatories to the CITES treaty should immediately lift domestic restrictions on the importation of Appendix I reptiles raised in CITES-certified farms, and also support proposals to downgrade dangerous reptiles from Appendix I to Appendix II classification.
학교 차원의 긍정적 행동지원이 서로 다른 학생그룹의 징계 결과에 미치는 영향
이아현(Ahhyun Lee),Nicholas A. Gage(Nicholas A. Gage ),James McLeskey(James McLeskey ),Anne Corinne Huggins-Manley(Anne Corinne Huggins-Manley ) 한국특수교육학회 2019 한국특수교육학회 학술대회 Vol.2019 No.-
학교 차원의 긍정적 행동 지원(school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports)은 현재 25,000개 이상의 학교에서 널리 운영되고 있다. 기존의 논문에서 긍정적 행동 지원을 통한 오피스 훈육 호출 (office discipline referral)과 유예(suspension) 감소에 대한 긍정적인 실험적 증거를 제시하고 있지만, 이 지원이 서로 다른 학생 그룹에 미치는 효과에 대해서는 연구되지 않았다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 학교 차원의 긍정적 행동 지원이 모든 학생 그리고 서로 다른 학생 그룹(성별, 인종, 장애)에 미치는 효과를 8가지의 학교 징계 결과(school discipline outcomes)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 준 실험설계에서 성향 점수 매칭(propensity score matching) 방법으로 긍정적 행동지원을 충실히 실행하고 있는 112개의 학교와 관련 트레이닝을 받은 적 없는 112개의 학교를 대조하였다. 푸아송 회귀 분석(Poisson regression) 결과, 긍정적 행동 지원을 충실히 실행하고 있는 학교에서 모든 학생뿐만 아니라 남학생, 흑인학생, 그리고 특수학생에게서 징계 횟수가 유의미하게 감소되었다. 이는 학교 차원의 긍정적 행동 지원이 전체적인 학생 문제 행동을 개선하며, 나아가 기존에 학생 집단 간 불평등하게 분배되었던 징계 격차를 줄일 수 있음을 시사한다.
Warfarin pharmacogenetics: a single VKORC1 polymorphism is predictive of dose across 3 racial groups
Limdi, Nita A.,Wadelius, Mia,Cavallari, Larisa,Eriksson, Niclas,Crawford, Dana C.,Lee, Ming-Ta M.,Chen, Chien-Hsiun,Motsinger-Reif, Alison,Sagreiya, Hersh,Liu, Nianjun,Wu, Alan H. B.,Gage, Brian F.,Jo American Society of Hematology 2010 Blood Vol.115 No.18
<B>Abstract</B><P>Warfarin-dosing algorithms incorporating CYP2C9 and VKORC1 −1639G>A improve dose prediction compared with algorithms based solely on clinical and demographic factors. However, these algorithms better capture dose variability among whites than Asians or blacks. Herein, we evaluate whether other VKORC1 polymorphisms and haplotypes explain additional variation in warfarin dose beyond that explained by VKORC1 −1639G>A among Asians (n = 1103), blacks (n = 670), and whites (n = 3113). Participants were recruited from 11 countries as part of the International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium effort. Evaluation of the effects of individual VKORC1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes on warfarin dose used both univariate and multi variable linear regression. VKORC1 −1639G>A and 1173C>T individually explained the greatest variance in dose in all 3 racial groups. Incorporation of additional VKORC1 SNPs or haplotypes did not further improve dose prediction. VKORC1 explained greater variability in dose among whites than blacks and Asians. Differences in the percentage of variance in dose explained by VKORC1 across race were largely accounted for by the frequency of the −1639A (or 1173T) allele. Thus, clinicians should recognize that, although at a population level, the contribution of VKORC1 toward dose requirements is higher in whites than in nonwhites; genotype predicts similar dose requirements across racial groups.</P>
Acton, Orb,Dubey, Manish,Weidner, Tobias,O’Malley, Kevin M.,Kim, Tae‐,Wook,Ting, Guy G.,Hutchins, Daniel,Baio, J. E.,Lovejoy, Tracy C.,Gage, Alexander H.,Castner, David G.,Ma, Hong,Jen, Alex K.& WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2011 Advanced functional materials Vol.21 No.8
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>An efficient process is developed by spin‐coating a single‐component, self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) to simultaneously modify the bottom‐contact electrode and dielectric surfaces of organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs). This effi cient interface modifi cation is achieved using <I>n</I>‐alkyl phosphonic acid based SAMs to prime silver bottom‐contacts and hafnium oxide (HfO<SUB>2</SUB>) dielectrics in low‐voltage OTFTs. Surface characterization using near edge X‐ray absorption fi ne structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectroscopic ellipsometry suggest this process yields structurally well‐defi ned phosphonate SAMs on both metal and oxide surfaces. Rational selection of the alkyl length of the SAM leads to greatly enhanced performance for both <I>n</I>‐channel (C<SUB>60</SUB>) and p‐channel (pentacene) based OTFTs. Specifi cally, SAMs of <I>n</I>‐octylphos‐phonic acid (OPA) provide both low‐contact resistance at the bottom‐contact electrodes and excellent interfacial properties for compact semiconductor grain growth with high carrier mobilities. OTFTs based on OPA modifi ed silver electrode/HfO<SUB>2</SUB> dielectric bottom‐contact structures can be operated using < 3V with low contact resistance (down to 700 Ohm‐cm), low subthreshold swing (as low as 75 mV dec<SUP>−1</SUP>), high on/off current ratios of 107, and charge carrier mobilities as high as 4.6 and 0.8 cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>, for C60 and pentacene, respectively. These results demonstrate that this is a simple and efficient process for improving the performance of bottom‐contact OTFTs.</P>