A Study on the Relationship between Kang Jeungsan and Jo Jeongsan Described in Chapter Two of Progress of the Order

KO Namsik,Jason GREENBERGER DAOS(The Daesoon Academy of Sciences) 2023 Journal of Daesoon Thought and the Religions of Ea Vol.3 No.1

Although English-language academic materials on Kang Jeungsan (강증산/姜甑山 1871-1909) are steadily increasing, the same cannot be said of Jo Jeongsan (조정산/道主 趙鼎山 1895-1958) who remains under-researched as figure of profound significance to the Korean new religion Daesoon Jinrihoe (대순진리회/大巡眞理會). Furthermore, in materials produced by Daesoon Jinrihoe that are later translated into English, the connections that exist between Kang Jeungsan and Jo Jeongsan are often reduced to a few representative examples, when, in fact, many additional examples could be provided for a more comprehensive understanding. Comprehending the basis for the first succession in the three-figure orthodox religious lineage of Daesoon Jinrihoe is crucial to task of properly differentiating Daesoon Jinrihoe from seemingly similar Korean new religions that enshrine Kang Jeungsan as their Supreme God. The research presented in this article, "A Study on the Relationship between Kang Jeungsan and Jo Jeongsan Described in Chapter Two of Progress of the Order," will provide readers with a thorough overview of the basis for Jo Jeongsan's successorship in the orthodox religious lineage of Daesoon Jinrihoe, through an in-depth exploration of Chapter Two of Progress of the Order from Daesoon Jinrihoe's main scripture, The Canonical Scripture. Furthermore, this article will include special explanatory notes to ensure that it can be easily read even by non-specialists.

Fasting of the Mind and Quieting of the Mind: A Comparative Analysis of Apophatic Tendencies in Zhuangzi and Cataphatic Tendencies in Daesoon Thought

ZHANG Rongkun,Jason GREENBERGER DAOS(The Daesoon Academy of Sciences) 2023 Journal of Daesoon Thought and the Religions of Ea Vol.2 No.2

'Fasting of the Mind (心齋, ch. xīn zhāi)' is arguably the most important concept within the practical approach to the spiritual cultivation formulated by the Daoist philosopher, Zhuangzi (莊子). Most scholars have interpreted 'Fasting of the Mind' as an apophatic practice centered around the aim of the 'Dissolution of the Self (喪我, ch. sàng wŎ).' The Korean new religious movement, Daesoon Jinrihoe (大巡眞理會), can be shown to instead consistently utilize cataphatic descriptions of spiritual cultivation based on the 'quieting of the mind (安心, kr. anshim)' and 'quieting of the body (安身, kr. anshin)' with the highest attainable state referred to as the 'Perfected State of Unification with the Dao (道通眞境, kr. Dotong-jingyeong).' While the language used by Zhuangzi and Daesoon Jinrihoe appears quite different on a superficial level, a deeper examination shows that these rhetorical framings are likely negativistic and positivistic descriptions of the same, or at least reasonably similar, phenomena. Zhuangzi, who focused primarily on the body, mind, and internal energy, cautioned practitioners that 'mere listening stops with the ears (聽止於耳, ch. tīng zhǐ yú ěr)' and 'mere recognition stops with the mind (心止於符, ch. xīn zhǐ yú fú).' He therefore encouraged cultivators of the Dao to 'listen with the spirit (聽之以氣 ch. tīng zhī yǐ qì).' The main scripture of Daesoon Jinrihoe states that "The mind is a pivot, gate, and gateway for gods; They, who turn the pivot, open, and close the gate, and go back and forth through the gateway, can be either good or evil (心也者, 鬼神之樞機也, 門戶也,道路也)," and the Supreme God of the Ninth Heaven (九天上帝, kr. Gucheon Sangje) even promises to visit anyone who possesses a 'singularly-focused mind (一心, kr. il-shim).' In both these approaches, there is a sense of what must be kept out of the mind (e.g., external disturbances, strong emotions, malevolent entities) and what the mind should connect with to attain spiritual progress (e.g., spirit, singular focus, the Supreme God). The observations above serve as the main basis for a comparison between the apophatic descriptions of cultivation found in Zhuangzi and their cataphatic counterparts in Daesoon Thought. However, the culmination of this nuanced comparative exploration reveals that while the leanings of Zhuangzi and Daesoon Thought generally hold true, ultimately, both systems of cultivation transcend the categories of apophatic and cataphatic.

The Role of Children in Daesoon Jinrihoe, a Korean New Religion

PALMER, Susan J.,GREENBERGER, Jason DAOS(The Daesoon Academy of Sciences) 2021 Journal of Daesoon Thought and the Religions of Ea Vol.1 No.1

This study attempts to investigate the role of children in the Korean new religious movement, Daesoon Jinrihoe. The research method combined archival studies with qualitative research; interviews with two members involved in educating youth through the establishment of Youth Camps and Donggeurami, the order's youth magazine. Our four research questions were: 1. Do children play a central role in the millennial vision of this NRM? 2. Are children separated from the world? 3. Have Daesoon childrearing methods been challenged by secular authorities or anticult groups? 4. Are there procedures to educate children in the religious beliefs and values of their parents and the community? Our results found that Daesoon Jinrihoe appears to be a religion designed for adults. Children do not usually participate in religious activities. On the other hand, since 2005 there has been a strategic effort to educate the children in the faith of their parents, through the establishment of Youth Camps and the youth magazine, Donggeurami.

Acyl-Homoserine lactone Quorum Sensing in Bactreria

Greenberg, E.Peter The Microbiological Society of Korea 2000 The journal of microbiology Vol.38 No.3

Recent advances in studies of bacterial gene expression and light microscopy show that cell-to cell communication and communication and community behavior are the rule rather than the exception. One type of cell-cell communication, quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria involves acyl-homoserine lactone signals. This type of quorum sension represents a dedicated communication system that enables a given species to sense when it has reached a critical population density. and to respond by activating expression of specific genes. The LuxR and LuxI proteins of Vibrio fisheri are the founding members of the acyl-homoserine lactone quorum sensing signal receptor and signal generator families of proteins. Acyl-homeserine lactone signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one model for the relationship between quorum sensing community behavior, and virulence. In the P. aeruginosa model. quorum sensing is required for normal biofilm maturation and virulence. There are multiple quorum-sensing circuits that control the expression of dozens of specific genes in P. aeruginosa.

Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibition (ARNI) in Heart Failure

Greenberg Barry 대한심부전학회 2020 International Journal of Heart Failure Vol.2 No.2

Recognition that neurohormonal activation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF) led to the development of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and beta blockers. While there has been substantial success with these neurohormonal blocking drugs in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), persistently high rates of morbidity and mortality in this population underscore the need for more effective therapies. As part of the systemic neurohormonal activation that takes place in patients with HF, systems that counteract the adverse effect of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) are also activated. Evidence that neprilysin metabolizes many of the effector molecules produced by these counter-regulatory systems raised the possibility that inhibition of this enzyme might be beneficial. However, since angiotensin II is a substrate of neprilysin, inhibition of the enzyme alone would increase levels of this peptide. Thus, treatment strategies that combine RAAS blockade with neprilysin inhibition were sought. Recent large scale randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have provided compelling evidence that sacubitril-valsartan, an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), is superior to an ACEI in reducing mortality and HF hospitalization and in improving quality of life in patients with stage C HFrEF. In these trials, sacubitril-valsartan was found to be safe and well tolerated. This review presents the rationale for using ARNIs, describes the RCTs showing their efficacy, summarizes updated recommendations from recent guidelines, and provides practical points about ARNI initiation and up-titration.

Current Trends Stimulating the Growth of Distance Education in Higher Education in the United States of America

Greenberg, Joseph A .,Betts, Kristen S . 관광경영학회 1998 관광경영연구 Vol.3 No.-

出生順位와 性別사이의 相關關係의 검출(抄譯)

Greenberg, R.A,white, C. 이화여자대학교문리대학수학회 1968 梨花數學會誌 Vol.1 No.-

메디아의 使用度와 信憑度

Greenberg, Bradley S. 중앙대학교 법학대학 1967 法政論叢 Vol.13 No.1

본 연구에 있어서의 주요한 발견은 다음과 같다. 1) 성별 그 자체만은 메디아의 신용도를 예보하는데 뚜렷한 성질이 있지만 연령과 성별을 구분해보면 더욱 실감하게 되어진다. 2) 교육정도와 메디아의 신뢰도와의 일반적인 상호관계는 남성응답자중 주로 노년층에서 발견된다. 3) 연령 자체만은 여성의 경우 직선적인 상호관계가 없기 때문에 메디아의 신뢰도에 대한 강력한 예보자는 될 수 없다. 더구나 연령문제는 교육정도를 증대시키는데 있어서 교육문제와 상호작용을 하므로 노년층과 청년층의 응답자간의 차이는 점증하고 있다. 4) 성별과 메디아사용도의 상호관계는교육정도 및 연령과는 별개이다. 5) 교육정도와 메디아사용도와의 상호관계는 성별 및 연령과는 별개문제이다. 6) 연령은 메디아사용도와 관계없다. 7) 메디아사용도와 신뢰도가 가장 높은 것으로 TV를 선택한 사람 가운데에서는 성별차는 연령이 낮거나 교육정도가 형편없는 사람은 예외로 한다. 8) 메디아의 사용도와 신뢰도가 가장 높은 것으로 신문을 택한 사람의 경우, 성별간의 광범한 상호관계는 나이가 많고 교육수준이 높은 응답자를 포함한다. 9) 메디아의 사용도와 신뢰도가 가장 좋은 것으로 TV를 택한 사람에게는 교육정도와의 상호관계 문제가 존속되고 있다. 10) 두가지의 예로서 신문을 택한 사람에게서는 노년층남성을 제외하고서 교육정도와의 상호관계는 존재하지 않는다. 11) 젊고 교육수준이 높은 남성은 뉴스원으로 신문을 계속해서 선택하지만, 명확하게 신임할 수 있는 메디아를 구분하느데느 신문, 텔레비전 양자를 두고 주저하지 않을 수 없는 것이다.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSIGHITS INTO HUMAN BEHAVIOR : Culture: Universality vs. Variability

Greenberg, Norman C. 충남대학교 미국학연구소 1982 美國學論文集 Vol.4 No.-

Having begun with the concept of culture it seems appropriate to summarize with a statement about society. If humans live by cultural norms, they also live in a society. And this living in society dictates what must be a part of the individual's and group's culture. Society may be defined as the community of persons who share a culture and feel themselves in some way to be a unit. Though the terms culture and society are often used interchangeably, they refer to different aspects: culture is the way of acting, the bony of tradition, the learned behavior of a society; a society is the body of personnel, who interact with one another in a regular manner and who share a culture that sets this mode of interaction. Every society operates within a set of conditions, determined basically by the physical environment in which it exists and the technical knowledge it has at its command with which to cope with the environment. This ecological setting places further demands on the society; that is, places limitations on the way in which the society operates. The cultural setting influences human behavior. Where a tribe live shunting and food gathering in an extremely poor environment, foodsharing institutions are necessary. Among the Andaman Islanders there is such a strong emphasis on generosity that no man would fail to give away the large and better part of the dugong he has killed. Among the Arunta of Australia there is no value placed upon generosity but, customary to their law, a person is simply expected to give certain portions of a successful hunt to particular relatives. On the other hand, societies with large populations can ignore their starving citizens if it is within their ethical to do so. The Eskimos, the Bushmen of the Kalhari, the native Australians, or others who live in exceedingly bleak environments where it is necessary to be constantly on the move in search of food, practice infanticide . In the past there were no alternatives. It is not fair to limit such examples to primitive circumstances. Where political states have come into being, they have certain general features which appear to be necessary for the maintenance of a political system. Among preliterate people, and often among people with writing, nations are given legitimacy by religious institutions and the belief that the ruler has a special relation to the gods which legitimatizes that rule. The ruler also has an army to enforce decisions. Only after political systems are firmly established does it appear that they can forego the former of these organizational devices, while apparently they can never entirely escape the latter. In modern industrial society we find the additional need for elaborate training institutions to develop and maintain the complex equipment of its highly technical economy. Despite the different demands of various economic conditions and social circumstances, despite the great variety of cultural forms that are found throughout the world, there is nevertheless a common core of cultural uniformity. To what degree human behavior must be viewed asa product of basic human physiological and psychological needs; to what degree they are the product of the fact of social existence and the requirements of social life, and to what degree they stem from the common core of human history, is a matter not yet fully known. They do however, suggest the basic unity of humankind.

Medical Management of Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction

Barry Greenberg 대한심장학회 2022 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.52 No.3

Treatment options for patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) have expanded considerably over the past few decades. Whereas neurohormonal modulation remains central to the management of patients with HFrEF, other pathways have been targeted with drugs that have novel mechanisms of action. The angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) which enhance levels of compensatory molecules such as the natriuretic peptides while simultaneously providing angiotensin receptor blockade have emerged as the preferred strategy for inhibiting the renin angiotensin system. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors which were developed as hypoglycemic agents have been shown to improve outcomes in patients with HF regardless of their diabetic status. These agents along with beta blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are the core medical therapies for patients with HFrEF. Additional approaches using ivabradine to slow heart rate in patients with sinus rhythm, the hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate combination to unload the heart, digoxin to provide inotropic support and vericiguat to augment cyclic guanosine monophosphate production that have been shown in well-designed trials to have beneficial effects in the HFrEF population and are used as adjuncts to the core therapies in selected patients. This review provides an overview of the medical management of patients with HFrEF with focus on the major developments that have taken place in the field. It offers prospective of how these drugs should be employed in clinical practice and also a glimpse into some strategies that may prove to be useful in the future.