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Toward unrestricted use of public genomic data
Amann, Rudolf I.,Baichoo, Shakuntala,Blencowe, Benjamin J.,Bork, Peer,Borodovsky, Mark,Brooksbank, Cath,Chain, Patrick S. G.,Colwell, Rita R.,Daffonchio, Daniele G.,Danchin, Antoine,de Lorenzo, Victor American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2019 Science Vol.363 No.6425
<P>Despite some notable progress in data sharing policies and practices, restrictions are still often placed on the open and unconditional use of various genomic data after they have received official approval for release to the public domain or to public databases. These restrictions, which often conflict with the terms and conditions of the funding bodies who supported the release of those data for the benefit of the scientific community and society, are perpetuated by the lack of clear guiding rules for data usage. Existing guidelines for data released to the public domain recognize but fail to resolve tensions between the importance of free and unconditional use of these data and the “right” of the data producers to the first publication. This self-contradiction has resulted in a loophole that allows different interpretations and a continuous debate between data producers and data users on the use of public data. We argue that the publicly available data should be treated as open data, a shared resource with unrestricted use for analysis, interpretation, and publication.</P>
Typhoid conjugate vaccines: a new tool in the fight against antimicrobial resistance
Andrews, Jason R,Baker, Stephen,Marks, Florian,Alsan, Marcella,Garrett, Denise,Gellin, Bruce G,Saha, Samir K,Qamar, Farah Naz,Yousafzai, Mohammad Tahir,Bogoch, Isaac I,Antillon, Marina,Pitzer, Virgini ELSEVIER 2019 LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES Vol.19 No.1
<P><B>Summary</B></P> <P>Typhoid fever is an acute systemic infectious disease responsible for an estimated 12–20 million illnesses and over 150 000 deaths annually. In March, 2018, a new recommendation was issued by WHO for the programmatic use of typhoid conjugate vaccines in endemic countries. Health economic analyses of typhoid vaccines have informed funding decisions and national policies regarding vaccine rollout. However, by focusing only on averted typhoid cases and their associated costs, traditional cost-effectiveness analyses might underestimate crucial benefits of typhoid vaccination programmes, because the potential effect of typhoid vaccines on the treatment of patients with non-specific acute febrile illnesses is not considered. For every true case of typhoid fever, three to 25 patients without typhoid disease are treated with antimicrobials unnecessarily, conservatively amounting to more than 50 million prescriptions per year. Antimicrobials for suspected typhoid might therefore be an important selective pressure for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance globally. We propose that large-scale, more aggressive typhoid vaccination programmes—including catch-up campaigns in children up to 15 years of age, and vaccination in lower incidence settings—have the potential to reduce the overuse of antimicrobials and thereby reduce antimicrobial resistance in many bacterial pathogens. Funding bodies and national governments must therefore consider the potential for broad reductions in antimicrobial use and resistance in decisions related to the rollout of typhoid conjugate vaccines.</P>
Electronic states of disordered grain boundaries in graphene prepared by chemical vapor deposition
Nemes-Incze, P.,Vancso, P.,Osvath, Z.,Mark, G.I.,Jin, X.,Kim, Y.S.,Hwang, C.,Lambin, P.,Chapelier, C.,PeterBiro, L. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2013 Carbon Vol.64 No.-
Perturbations of the two dimensional carbon lattice of graphene, such as grain boundaries, have significant influence on the charge transport and mechanical properties of this material. Scanning tunneling microscopy measurements presented here show that localized states near the Dirac point dominate the local density of states of grain boundaries in graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. Such low energy states are not reproduced by theoretical models which treat the grain boundaries as periodic dislocation-cores composed of pentagonal-heptagonal carbon rings. Using ab initio calculations, we have extended this model to include disorder, by introducing vacancies into a grain boundary consisting of periodic dislocation-cores. Within the framework of this model we were able to reproduce the measured density of states features. We present evidence that grain boundaries in graphene grown on copper incorporate a significant amount of disorder in the form of two-coordinated carbon atoms.
Photonic crystal type structures of biological origin: Structural and spectral characterization
K. Kertesz,Zs. Balint,Z. Vertesy,G.I. Mark,V. Lousse,J.-P. Vigneron,L.P. Biro 한국물리학회 2006 Current Applied Physics Vol.6 No.2
Photonic crystal type structures of biological origin were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UVVISreectance measurements. It was demonstrated that despite the moderate refractive index contrast between chitin and air, biologicalevolution developed in the wing scale nanostructures of butteries representing various families, numerous structures with dierentuse photonic structures, the UV protection mechanism of the high altitude ower Edelweiss has been investigated. We present fullysupportive data that the protection mechanism is based on coupling by nanostructured, highly selective couplers the harmful UVradiation in propagating modes along bers containing UV absorbing pigment.