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Alternatives for a Future Relationship between the UK and the EU
Gö,zde Kaya 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2020 Journal of International and Area Studies Vol.27 No.1
It is not much surprising that the right of withdrawal introduced by the Lisbon Treaty in 2009 has first been exercised by the UK. However, no one could predict that Brexit could have been such a longstanding and energy consuming process for both the UK and the EU. This paper seeks to identify the possible likely scenarios that might take effect in terms of the future trade relationship between the two parties from a comparative approach by focusing on the advantages and the disadvantages of these models as well as the parties’ benefits and red lines. The paper tries to demonstrate that all these scenarios bring forward serious negative effects in comparison to preserving the EU membership.
Lale Gö,nenir Erbay,İ,smail Reyhani,Sü,heyla Ü,nal,Cemal Ö,zcan,Tuba Ö,zgö,ç,er,Cihat Uç,ar,Sedat Yıldız 대한신경정신의학회 2018 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.15 No.10
Objective: Little is known about the effects of psychodrama group therapy on the level of stress, anxiety and depression of the group members, and the biological markers of stress. The aim of this study test cortisol level as a biological reflection of some mental characteristics gained by the psychodrama method in coping with stress. Methods: Depressive patients aged between 18 and 65 years, who diagnosed with depression according to DSM-5, without psychiatric comorbidity, who do not use drugs and were available for psychodrama were enrolled into the study. These patients were evaluated using the Perceived Stress Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory. In order to observe the circadian rhythm of cortisol, samples were collected from the participants before lunch, before dinner and before going to sleep on the day before psychodrama and on the 0, 15th, and 30th minutes after awakening in the morning of the psychodrama day; as well as just before and after the psychodrama session. Saliva cortisol level just before the initial session of psychodrama group therapy was compared with the saliva cortisol level just after the last psychodrama session at the end of 16 weeks. Results: Statistically significant difference was determined between the scores of perceived stress scale, STAI-1, STAI-2, beck depression inventory and salivary cortisol level before and after psychodrama session. There was significant decrease in both the scale scores and salivary cortisol after vs. before psychodrama. Conclusion: This results is important as it shows the biological aspect of clinical improvement. Further studies would provide us with better understanding of the effects of psychodrama group psychotherapy on depressive mood and biological projections by means of short-term and long-term follow-up studies.
Validity and Reliability of Cognitive Attentional Syndrome-1 Questionnaire
Anıl Gü,ndü,z,İ,brahim Gü,ndoğ,muş,Sencan Sertç,elik,Betü,l Hacer Engin,Aysel İ,ş,ler,Arif Ç,ipil,Hatice Gö,nü,l,Aliş,an Burak Yaş,ar,Mehmet 대한신경정신의학회 2019 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.16 No.5
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Cognitive Attentional Syndrome-1 (CAS-1) questionnaire. Methods: 221 participants were included in the study who do not meet any psychiatric diagnosis. Participants were applied SCID I and II and filled CAS-1 scale, Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale, and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). Testing the reliability Cronbach’s alpha, item analysis and Item and total score correlation coefficients were applied. For testing structural validity, Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used, and for testing the content validity, the relationship between each item of CAS-1 and MCQ-30, BDI, BAI, GAD-7, PSWQ was examined. Results: The correlation reliability coefficients were statistically significant except for using alcohol/drugs as a coping mechanism. Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 16 items was 0.771 whereas, this ratio was 0.772 for the first eight items (CAS) and 0.685 for the last eight items (Metacognitive Beliefs) which showed that the internal consistency of CAS-1 was high. Structural and Content Validity of the scale was significant. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the CAS-1 was a reliable and valid measure to evaluate CAS in a Turkish population.
Mehmet Fatih Erbay,Esra Porgalı Zayman,Lale Gö,nenir Erbay,Sü,heyla Ü,nal 대한신경정신의학회 2019 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.16 No.10
Objective Previous studies have shown that there is a correlation between lipid levels and depressive mood, and that lipids could be useful biomarkers for depression. We conducted this study to clarify the association between lipid levels and depressive mood in adolescents, especially in community samples. Methods We analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) that was conducted from 2013 to 2016. A total of 2,454 adolescents aged 12–18 years (1,273 boys, 1,181 girls) participated in the Survey. We conducted a cross-sectional study using multiple logistic regression, adjusting for age, household income, daily energy intake, daily fat intake, and daily cholesterol intake, to assess the association between depressive mood and serum lipid levels. Results Depressive mood was found in 8.7% of those included in the study. Borderline (110–129 mg/dL) and high (≥130 mg/dL) levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly associated with depressive mood [Borderline level: odds ratio (OR)=5.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.56–19.81, p=0.01; High level: OR=5.73, 95% CI 1.06–31.08, p=0.04]. However, this association was not found in girls. Conclusion Our findings indicate that depressive mood in boys is associated with higher LDL-C levels. Further investigation regarding this relationship and the underlying biological mechanisms is needed.