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The universal ratio of boron to chlorinity for the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans
Lee, K.,Kim, T.W.,Byrne, R.H.,Millero, F.J.,Feely, R.A.,Liu, Y.M. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2010 Geochimica et cosmochimica acta Vol.74 No.6
We report seawater boron concentration (mgkg<SUP>-1</SUP>) and chlorinity (%%) values measured in seawater samples (n=139) collected at various depths in the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans and the East/Japan Sea (located in the western temperate North Pacific). Our results indicate that variations in seawater boron concentration are strongly coupled to variations in chlorinity (and salinity), yielding a mean boron to chlorinity ratio of 0.2414+/-0.0009mgkg<SUP>-1</SUP>%%<SUP>-1</SUP> (boron to salinity ratio=0.1336+/-0.0005mgkg<SUP>-1</SUP>%%<SUP>-1</SUP>). This ratio was surprisingly universal throughout the water column in the three marine basins and across widely different ocean surface regimes, but differs from the generally accepted ratio of 0.232+/-0.005mgkg<SUP>-1</SUP>%%<SUP>-1</SUP> determined by Uppstrom (1974), which was based on only 20 measurements at four sites in the tropical Pacific Ocean. In converting total alkalinity to carbonate alkalinity (and vice versa) for thermodynamic calculations, the difference between these two ratios leads to a difference of 5μmolkg<SUP>-1</SUP> in estimates for ocean surface waters, where the contribution of borate to total alkalinity is typically greatest. We suggest the use of the new boron to chlorinity ratio for predicting seawater boron concentrations using chlorinity (or salinity) data.
Mutations in <i>ATP1A1</i> Cause Dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 2
Lassuthova, Petra,Rebelo, Adriana P.,Ravenscroft, Gianina,Lamont, Phillipa J.,Davis, Mark R.,Manganelli, Fiore,Feely, Shawna M.,Bacon, Chelsea,Brož,ková,, Dana Š,afka,Haberlova, Jana,M University of Chicago Press [etc.] 2018 American journal of human genetics Vol.102 No.3
<P>Although mutations in more than 90 genes are known to cause CMT, the underlying genetic cause of CMT remains unknown in more than 50% of affected individuals. The discovery of additional genes that harbor CMT2-causing mutations increasingly depends on sharing sequence data on a global level. In this way—by combining data from seven countries on four continents—we were able to define mutations in <I>ATP1A1</I>, which encodes the alpha1 subunit of the Na<SUP>+</SUP>,K<SUP>+</SUP>-ATPase, as a cause of autosomal-dominant CMT2. Seven missense changes were identified that segregated within individual pedigrees: c.143T>G (p.Leu48Arg), c.1775T>C (p.Ile592Thr), c.1789G>A (p.Ala597Thr), c.1801_1802delinsTT (p.Asp601Phe), c.1798C>G (p.Pro600Ala), c.1798C>A (p.Pro600Thr), and c.2432A>C (p.Asp811Ala). Immunostaining peripheral nerve axons localized ATP1A1 to the axolemma of myelinated sensory and motor axons and to Schmidt-Lanterman incisures of myelin sheaths. Two-electrode voltage clamp measurements on <I>Xenopus</I> oocytes demonstrated significant reduction in Na<SUP>+</SUP> current activity in some, but not all, ouabain-insensitive ATP1A1 mutants, suggesting a loss-of-function defect of the Na<SUP>+</SUP>,K<SUP>+</SUP> pump. Five mutants fall into a remarkably narrow motif within the helical linker region that couples the nucleotide-binding and phosphorylation domains. These findings identify a CMT pathway and a potential target for therapy development in degenerative diseases of peripheral nerve axons.</P>
PARK, GEUN‐,HA,WANNINKHOF, RIK,DONEY, SCOTT C.,TAKAHASHI, TARO,LEE, KITACK,FEELY, RICHARD A.,SABINE, CHRISTOPHER L.,TRIÑ,ANES, JOAQUIN,LIMA, IVAN D. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorolog Vol.62 No.5
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>The interannual variability of net sea–air CO<SUB>2</SUB> flux for the period 1982–2007 is obtained from a diagnostic model using empirical subannual relationships between climatological CO<SUB>2</SUB> partial pressure in surface seawater (<I>p</I>CO<SUB>2SW</SUB>) and sea surface temperature (SST), along with interannual changes in SST and wind speed. These optimum subannual relationships show significantly better correlation between <I>p</I>CO<SUB>2SW</SUB> and SST than the previous relationships using fixed monthly boundaries. Our diagnostic model yields an interannual variability of ±0.14 PgC yr<SUP>−1</SUP> (1σ) with a 26‐year mean of −1.48 PgC yr<SUP>−1</SUP>. The greatest interannual variability is found in the Equatorial Pacific, and significant variability is also found at northern and southern high‐latitudes, depending in part, on which wind product is used. We provide an assessment of our approach by applying it to <I>p</I>CO<SUB>2SW</SUB> and SST output from a prognostic global biogeochemical ocean model. Our diagnostic approach applied to this model output shows reasonable agreement with the prognostic model net sea–air CO<SUB>2</SUB> fluxes in terms of magnitude and phase of variability, suggesting that our diagnostic approach can capture much of the observed variability on regional to global scale. A notable exception is that our approach shows significantly less variability than the prognostic model in the Southern Ocean.</P>