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TWO COMPREHENSIVE ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS AND CIVIL CALENDARS FOR ACCURATE CHRONOLOGY OF ISLAM
Fatoohi, Louay J.,al-Dargazelli, Shetha,al-Hussein,al-Casnaz, Shaykh Muhammad,Hussein, Jamal N.,An-Ni'aymi, Hamid M. 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 1994 중동연구 Vol.13 No.-
Features of the Hijrah calendar and its historical background are described. The Hijrah calendar is the same calendar that the Arab inhabitants of the Arabian peninsula were using before Islam, with the minor difference of counting dates from the year of the Hijrah (emigration) of the Prophet. The Hijrah calendar neglects the pre-Hijrah era and thus does not cover the whole history of Islam. Due to this fact and the absence of a suitable calendar that covers all the Islamic history, this history in general, and the pre-Hijrah era in particular, remained unsatisfactorily dated in terms of its accuracy and consistency. The Islamic view to the calendar is investigated and it is shown that Islam imposes use of tile lunar calendar for religious purposes and endorses use of the solar calendar for other societal needs. A lunar calendar called Qamar * Muhammad * was recently introduced as a new Islamic religious calendar (al-Casnaz * * et al 1992, 1993 & 1994). A new calendar called Shams * Muhammad * is introduced as an Islamic civil calendar. These two calendars date from the birth of the Prophet Muhammad and thus cover all the Islamic history, Simple formulae for conversion between the Western and Hijrah calendars and these calendars are given. It is anticipated that use of the new calendars would enable accurate dating of the Islamic history in general, and its early eras in particular.
Finding the Julian Dates of the Islamic Events Before Hijra Using Computer
Al-Dargazelli, Shaikh Muhammad Al-Husseini Jamal N. Hussein Shetha,Fatoohi, Hamid M. An-Ni'aymi Louay J. 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 1992 중동연구 Vol.11 No.-
A new lunar calendar, called the Muhammadan calendar, starting with the year and month of birth of the Prophet Muhammad was introduced to cover all the history of Islam which began with the birth of the Prophet Muhammad. A lunar historical sequence of the most important Islamic events during the life of Prophet Muhammad was obtained by finding the dates of these events according to the Muhammadan calendar. After a profound study for the historical sources, the birth year of the Prophet Muhammad was considered to be 570 A.D. A computer program for determining the time and exact Julian date of the birth of new moons was used in addition to a manual method to determine the beginning of every Muhammadan month under consideration. The Mutammadan dates were converted into Julian dates. The exact Julian dates of the Islamic events before Hijra (migration) were found for the first time, as well as, the most accurate Julian dates of the Islamic events after Hijra. The results revealed that the most important Islamic events had occurred on Fridays, explaining why Friday is considered by Islam to be a sacred day.