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Whether to Choose Tariffs or Subsidies to Protect a Domestic Industry
Egli, Dominik,Westermann, Frank 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2003 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.18 No.1
The use of tariffs in the absence of subsidies in small countries is an empitical observation which stands in sharp contrast to the theoretical literature of trade policy. We analyzw the welfare effects of tariffs and subsidies in a homogeneous good duopoly game with cost asymmetries between the two firms, allowing for distortionary taxation. We find that for reasonable values of the distortion parameter or for a large cost disadvantage of the home firm, a tariff is the optimal policy tool.
Whether to Choose Tariffs or Subsidies to Protect a Domestic Industry
( Dominik Egli ),( Frank Westermann ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2003 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.18 No.1
The use of tariffs in the absence of subsidies in small countries is an empirical observation which stands in sharp contrast to the theoretical literature of trade policy. We analyze the welfare effects of tariffs and subsidies in a homogeneous good duopoly game with cost asymmetries between the two firms, allowing for distortionary taxation. We find that for reasonable values of the distortion parameter or for a large cost disadvantage of the home firm, a tariff is the optimal policy tool.
Kinetic and Structural Impact of Metal Ions and Genetic Variations on Human DNA Polymerase ι
Choi, Jeong-Yun,Patra, Amritaj,Yeom, Mina,Lee, Young-Sam,Zhang, Qianqian,Egli, Martin,Guengerich, F. Peter American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2016 The Journal of biological chemistry Vol.291 No.40
Leukotriene Biosynthesis Inhibitor MK886 Impedes DNA Polymerase Activity
Ketkar, Amit,Zafar, Maroof K.,Maddukuri, Leena,Yamanaka, Kinrin,Banerjee, Surajit,Egli, Martin,Choi, Jeong-Yun,Lloyd, R. Stephen,Eoff, Robert L. American Chemical Society 2013 Chemical research in toxicology Vol.26 No.2
<P>Specialized DNA polymerases participate in replication stress responses and in DNA repair pathways that function as barriers against cellular senescence and genomic instability. These events can be co-opted by tumor cells as a mechanism to survive chemotherapeutic and ionizing radiation treatments and as such, represent potential targets for adjuvant therapies. Previously, a high-throughput screen of ∼16,000 compounds identified several first generation proof-of-principle inhibitors of human DNA polymerase kappa (hpol κ). The indole-derived inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP), MK886, was one of the most potent inhibitors of hpol κ discovered in that screen. However, the specificity and mechanism of inhibition remained largely undefined. In the current study, the specificity of MK886 against human Y-family DNA polymerases and a model B-family DNA polymerase was investigated. MK886 was found to inhibit the activity of all DNA polymerases tested with similar IC<SUB>50</SUB> values, the exception being a 6- to 8-fold increase in the potency of inhibition against human DNA polymerase iota (hpol ι), a highly error-prone enzyme that uses Hoogsteen base-pairing modes during catalysis. The specificity against hpol ι was partially abrogated by inclusion of the recently annotated 25 a.a. N-terminal extension. On the basis of Michaelis–Menten kinetic analyses and DNA binding assays, the mechanism of inhibition by MK886 appears to be mixed. <I>In silico</I> docking studies were used to produce a series of models for MK886 binding to Y-family members. The docking results indicate that two binding pockets are conserved between Y-family polymerases, while a third pocket near the thumb domain appears to be unique to hpol ι. Overall, these results provide insight into the general mechanism of DNA polymerase inhibition by MK886.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/crtoec/2013/crtoec.2013.26.issue-2/tx300392m/production/images/medium/tx-2012-00392m_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/tx300392m'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Zhao, Linlin,Pence, Matthew G.,Christov, Plamen P.,Wawrzak, Zdzislaw,Choi, Jeong-Yun,Rizzo, Carmelo J.,Egli, Martin,Guengerich, F. Peter American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2012 The Journal of biological chemistry Vol.287 No.42
<P><I>N</I><SUP>2</SUP>,3-Ethenoguanine (<I>N</I><SUP>2</SUP>,3-ϵG) is one of the exocyclic DNA adducts produced by endogenous processes (<I>e.g.</I> lipid peroxidation) and exposure to bioactivated vinyl monomers such as vinyl chloride, which is a known human carcinogen. Existing studies exploring the miscoding potential of this lesion are quite indirect because of the lability of the glycosidic bond. We utilized a 2′-fluoro isostere approach to stabilize this lesion and synthesized oligonucleotides containing 2′-fluoro-<I>N</I><SUP>2</SUP>,3-ϵ-2′-deoxyarabinoguanosine to investigate the miscoding potential of <I>N</I><SUP>2</SUP>,3-ϵG by Y-family human DNA polymerases (pols). In primer extension assays, pol η and pol κ replicated through <I>N</I><SUP>2</SUP>,3-ϵG, whereas pol ι and REV1 yielded only 1-base incorporation. Steady-state kinetics revealed that dCTP incorporation is preferred opposite <I>N</I><SUP>2</SUP>,3-ϵG with relative efficiencies in the order of pol κ > REV1 > pol η ≈ pol ι, and dTTP misincorporation is the major miscoding event by all four Y-family human DNA pols. Pol ι had the highest dTTP misincorporation frequency (0.71) followed by pol η (0.63). REV1 misincorporated dTTP and dGTP with much lower frequencies. Crystal structures of pol ι with <I>N</I><SUP>2</SUP>,3-ϵG paired to dCTP and dTTP revealed Hoogsteen-like base pairing mechanisms. Two hydrogen bonds were observed in the <I>N</I><SUP>2</SUP>,3-ϵG:dCTP base pair, whereas only one appears to be present in the case of the <I>N</I><SUP>2</SUP>,3-ϵG:dTTP pair. Base pairing mechanisms derived from the crystal structures explain the slightly favored dCTP insertion for pol ι in steady-state kinetic analysis. Taken together, these results provide a basis for the mutagenic potential of <I>N</I><SUP>2</SUP>,3-ϵG.</P>
PREDICTING AUTO-IGNITION CHARACTERISTICS OF RCCI COMBUSTION USING A MULTI-ZONE MODEL
U. EGÜZ,N. C. J. MAES,C. A. J. LEERMAKERS,L. M. T. SOMERS,L. P. H. DE GOEY 한국자동차공학회 2013 International journal of automotive technology Vol.14 No.5
The objective of new combustion concepts is to meet emission standards by improving fuel air mixing prior to ignition. Since there is no overlap between injection and ignition, combustion is governed mainly by chemical kinetics and it is challenging to control the phasing of ignition. Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) combustion aims to control combustion phasing by altering the fuel ratios of the high- and low octane fuel and injection timings. In this study the dual fuel blend is prepared with gasoline and diesel fuels. The applied injection timings of the diesel are very early (90 to 60o CA bTDC). In the detailed reaction mechanism, n-heptane and iso-octane represent diesel and gasoline fuel, respectively. A multi-zone model approach is implemented to perform RCCI combustion simulation. Ignition characteristics are analyzed by using CA50 as the main parameter. In the experiments for the early direct injection (DI) timing advancing the injection time results in a later ignition. Qualitatively, the trend effect of the diesel injection timing and the effect of the ratio gasoline/diesel are captured accurately by the multi-zone model.
Serkan Öner,Ays¸egül Sag˘ır Kahraman,Cemal Özcan,Zeynep Maras¸ Özdemir,Serkan Ünlü,Özden Kamıs¸lı,Zülal Öner 대한영상의학회 2018 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.19 No.1
Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease characterized by demyelinating plaques in the white matter. Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been proposed as a new hypothesis for the etiopathogenesis of MS disease. MS-CCSVI includes a significant decrease of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow through the cerebral aqueduct secondary to an impaired venous outflow from the central nervous system. This study aimed to determine whether CSF flow dynamics are affected in MS patients and the contributions to differential diagnosis in active and chronic disease using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI). Materials and Methods: We studied 16 MS patients with chronic plaques (group 1), 16 MS patients with active plaques-enhanced on MRI (group 2), and 16 healthy controls (group 3). Quantitatively evaluation of the CSF flow was performed from the level of the cerebral aqueduct by PC-MRI. According to heart rates, 14–30 images were obtained in a cardiac cycle. Cardiac triggering was performed prospectively using finger plethysmography. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the groups regarding average velocity, net forward volume and the average flow (p > 0.05). Compared with the controls, group 1 and group 2, showed a higher peak velocity (5.5 ± 1.4, 4.9 ± 1.0, and 4.3 ± 1.3 cm/sec, respectively; p = 0.040), aqueductal area (5.0 ± 1.3, 4.1 ± 1.5, and 3.1 ± 1.2 mm2, respectively; p = 0.002), forward volume (0.039 ± 0.016, 0.031 ± 0.013, and 0.021 ± 0.010 mL, respectively; p = 0.002) and reverse volume (0.027 ± 0.016, 0.018 ± 0.009, and 0.012 ± 0.006 mL, respectively; p = 0.000). There were no statistical significance between the MS patients with chronic plaques and active plaques except for reverse volume. The MS patients with chronic plaques showed a significantly higher reverse volume (p = 0.000). Conclusion: This study indicated that CSF flow is affected in MS patients, contrary to the hypothesis that CCSVI-induced CSF flow decreases in MS patients. These findings may be explained by atrophy-dependent ventricular dilatation, which may occur at every stage of MS.