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Theory, markedness and second language syntax: the case of resumptive pronouns in relative clauses
Fred R. Eckman 한국음운론학회 2004 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.10 No.1
Eckman, Fred R. 2004. Optimality Theory, markedness and second language syntax: the case of resumptive pronouns in relative clauses. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 10.1. 89-110. This paper proposes a constraint-based analysis for what is arguably the most interest-ing phenomenon in second language (L2) syntax, the occurrence of an L2 error pattern where the regularity cannot be explained in terms of either transfer from the learner's native language or input from the target language. The case in point for this paper involves the occurrence of resumptive pronouns in the relative clauses of learners of Swedish as a second language. It is argued that the systematicity of the learners' errors can be explained by independently-motivated assumptions of Optimality Theory. (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee)
Eckman Molly The Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles 2005 패션정보와 기술 Vol.2 No.-
Purchase decision behavior for and satisfaction with apparel among retail buyers and consumers were compared. Kunz's behavioral theory of the apparel fm was the conceptual framework; Oliver's disconfirmation model guided measurement of satisfaction. Buyers and consumers indicated their perceptions about shopping orientations, variables that influenced apparel purchasing decisions, the importance of aspects of customer service and attributes that they expected to find and found when shopping. Surveys were mailed to retailers and consumers identified by random sampling of company lists. Respondents were 66 buyers and 344 consumers. MANOVA revealed differences in retailers 'and consumers' shopping orientations, the influence of variables on purchase decisions, and perceptions of the importance of customer service. Paired sample t tests indicated dissatisfaction for buyers on 10 apparel/shopping attributes and consumers on nine items. Results support the need for vertically integrated manufacturers to redesign strategies that are more appealing to both retail buyers and consumers.
Contrast and hypercontrast in interlanguage
Fred R,Eckman,Gregory k,Iverson 한국음운론학회 2000 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.6 No.2
Eckman, Fred R. and Gregory K. Iverson. 2000. Contrast and Hypercontrast in Interlanguage. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 6.2, 213-247. We report on an experimental study investigating a well-known, yet seemingly intractable, problem in L2 pronunciation, namely, the splitting of native language(NL) allo phones into separate target Ianguage (TL) phonemes. The results indicate that Iearners who were trained to contrast the relevant sounds in morphologically complex words generalized the contrast to morphologically-simple words. However, learners who were taught to make the contrast in morphologically simple words did not generalize this contrast to morphologically composite environments. Moreover, among speakers who already showed productive control of the contrast in actual words: perfonnance on nonce words revealed a pattern of overgeneralization, or hypercorrection, which was characteristic of neither the NL nor the TL. (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee)