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The Negative Influence of Prior World Series Victory on Attendance: Winning and Increased Fan Apathy
Timothy E. Zimmer 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Journal of Global Sport Management Vol.3 No.4
The paper examines attendance data for Major League Baseball (MLB). The results indicate a negative relationship between prior World Series wins and current attendance. The results are consistent with a proposed theory called the World Series apathy effect. This novel theory postulates that the cumulative effect of prior team success, defined as World Series victories, de-sensitizes a cohort of fans and alters expectations. The altered expectations increase fan indifference and decrease current attendance. For some fans, prior team success becomes a source of apathy.
Choi, Yong Seok,Park, Jin Kyun,Kang, Eun Ha,Lee, Young-Kyun,Kim, Tae Kyun,Chung, Jin-Haeng,Zimmerer, Jason M,Carson III, William E,Song, Yeong Wook,Lee, Yun Jong BioMed Central 2013 ARTHRITIS RESEARCH AND THERAPY Vol.15 No.6
<P><B>Introduction</B></P><P>Although IL-1β is believed to be crucial in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), the IL-1β blockade brings no therapeutic benefit in human OA and results in OA aggravation in several animal models. We explored the role of a cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) suppressor as a regulatory modulator of IL-1β signaling in chondrocytes.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Cartilage samples were obtained from patients with knee OA and those without OA who underwent surgery for femur-neck fracture. SOCS1 expression in cartilage was assessed with immunohistochemistry. IL-1β-induced SOCS1 expression in chondrocytes was analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot. The effect of SOCS1 on IL-1β signaling pathways and the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanase-1 was investigated in SOCS1-overexpressing or -knockdown chondrocytes.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>SOCS1 expression was significantly increased in OA cartilage, especially in areas of severe damage (<I>P</I> < 0.01). IL-1β stimulated SOCS1 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent pattern (<I>P</I> < 0.01). The IL-1β-induced production of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-4 (aggrecanase-1, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4) was affected by SOCS1 overexpression or knockdown in both SW1353 cells and primary human articular chondrocytes (all <I>P</I> values < 0.05). The inhibitory effects of SOCS1 were mediated by blocking p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, and by downregulating transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) expression.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Our results show that SOCS1 is induced by IL1-β in OA chondrocytes and suppresses the IL-1β-induced synthesis of matrix-degrading enzymes by inhibiting IL-1β signaling at multiple levels. It suggests that the IL-1β-inducible SOCS1 acts as a negative regulator of the IL-1β response in OA cartilage.</P>
Kristine Eraker Aasland Hansen,Alexandra M. Hudecová,Fred Haugen,Eystein Skjerve,Erik Ropstad,Karin E. Zimmer 한국실험동물학회 2022 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.38 No.4
Background: All mouse strains are different, before choosing a strain for a large study, a small scale study should be done. In this study, we compared young males of two mouse strains, C57BL/6J and the hybrid B6129SF1/J, and gained knowledge on their performance in three different behavioral tests; open field (OF) test, Barnes maze (BM) test and a restraint stress test. Results: We found that the young males of the C57BL/6J strain spent more time moving in the OF. In the BM, the hybrid covered less ground before reaching the goal box during the first three sessions, than the C57BL/6J. The hybrid left more fecal pellets than C57BL/6J both in OF and BM. During the stress test, the C57BL/6J had a lower corticosterone response than the hybrid. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the C57BL/6J has a presumably higher locomotor activity and/or explorative behavior than the hybrid, while the hybrid appeared more sensitive to stress.