토마스 아퀴나스의 순종적 가능태 개념 -해당 텍스트와 전(前)역사를 중심으로-

조동원 ( Cho¸ Dongwon ) 한국가톨릭철학회 2021 가톨릭철학 Vol.- No.37

토마스 아퀴나스의 “순종적 가능태”(potentia obedientialis) 개념의 의미와 본질에 대해 역사적으로 많은 논쟁이 있어 왔다. 그동안 대부분의 연구와 논의들은 토마스의 텍스트 및 그에 대한 후대 학자들의 해석에 치중을 하였다. 이에 비해 본 연구는, 토마스 자신도 순종적 가능태 개념을 선대 학자들로부터 물려받았다는 점에 착안하여, 토마스의 텍스트와 더불어 그 전역사(前歷史)를 심도있게 고찰한다. 아우구스티누스는 하느님의 특별한 작용 방식과, 피조물이 그 특별한 신적 힘에 순응하는 내적 경향성에 대해 말했는데, 12-13세기 학자들은 아우구스티누스의 해당 본문을 주석하며 순종적 가능태라는 명시적 개념을 도출해냈다. 이때 하느님의 특별한 작용은 일차적으로 물리적 기적을 지칭하지만, 또 한편으로 죄인의 구원과 인간의 지복직관과 같은 영적 실재를 가리키기도 했다. 토마스 아퀴나스는 아우구스티누스와 스콜라 학자들의 통찰 및 개념화를 계승하고 이를 더 정밀하게 가다듬어 다양한 맥락에서, 특히 육화나 초자연적 주입덕과 같은 구원론적 실재와 관련하여 순종적 가능태 개념을 원용한다. 전통적 토마스 주석가들은 이를 토대로 일반적 의미에서의 순종적 가능태와 “특수한” 순종적 가능태를 구분하며, 후자를 인간을 비롯한 지성적 피조물 안에 내재된 ‘초본성적’ 가능성과 연결 짓는다. 20세기 들어와 드 뤼박과 몇몇 학자들에 의해 전통적 주석에 대한 반론이 제기되었지만, 토마스와 그 이전 학자들의 텍스트에 대한 미시적 분석만 놓고 본다면 전통적 토마스 주석가들의 입장이 더 ‘스승들’의 가르침에 근접한 것으로 추정된다. The idea of potentia obedientialis in the texts of St. Thomas Aquinas has been severely argued by many scholars. While the majority of the works on the concept have addressed St. Thomas’s texts mainly with the later interpretations, the present research sees the beginning of all things, i.e., the texts of the Angelic Doctor and their pre-history. St. Augustine says in his de Genesi ad litteram that there is some inner tendency in every creature according to which it obeys every special divine operation. Commenting the texts of the bishop of Hippo, some Medieval authors begin to use the explicit concept of obediential potency, which not only indicates the special divine act on creatures in physical miracles but also entails spiritual realities such as salvation or the beatific vision. Inheriting from his predecessors the idea potentia obedientialis, St. Thomas uses it in various contexts, especially in explaining ratio incarnationis and supernatual infused virtues. Upon those texts of the Angelic Doctor, some scholars in the Thomistic tradition have developed the distinction of “specific” obediential potency from its generic sense, relating the former with the supernatural possibility inherent in the human being and other intellectual creatures. Although De Lubac and other scholars in the 20^th century raised an objection, the original texts of St. Thomas and his predecessors seem to show that the “traditional” interpretation is more loyal to the teaching of the magister than that of “modern” suggestion.

Improvement of Magnetic Properties and Texture of FePt Thin Films on MgO Substrates by Sn Addition

DongWon Chun,SungMan Kim,GyeungHo Kim,WonYoung Jeung 한국자기학회 2009 Journal of Magnetics Vol.14 No.1

In this work, we studied the effects of Sn addition on the ordering temperature of FePt thin film. The coercivity of FePtSn film was about 1000 Oe greater than the coercivity of FePt film for an annealing temperature of 600℃. Therefore, Sn addition was effective in promoting the L1? ordering and in reducing the ordering temperature of the FePt film. From our X-ray diffraction results, we found that in the as-deposited film, the addition of Sn induced a lattice expansion in disordered FePt thin films. After the annealing process, the excess Sn diffuses out from the ordered FePt thin film because of the difference in the solid solubility of Sn between the disordered and ordered phases. The existence of precipitates of Sn from the FePt lattice was deduced by Curie temperature measurements of the FePt and FePtSn films. Therefore, the key role played by the addition of Sn to the FePt film can be explained by a reduction in the activation energy for the L10 order-disorder transformation of FePt which originates from the high internal stress in the disordered phase induced by the supersaturated Sn atoms.

Supermajority Rule in Bicameral Legislatures

Dongwon Lee 한국재정학회 2015 한국재정학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2015 No.3

This paper revisits the claim that supermajority rules and bicameral structure restrain excessive government spending and taxation. Our analysis suggests that supermajority rule has a coun-tervailing effect in bicameral legislatures due to two factors: the geographic linkages across two chambers and the low price elasticity of demand for public goods. Using a panel of 49 American states over a period of 39 years (1970-2008), we find that Senate district fragmentation—the ratio of seats in the House relative to seats in the Senate—has a robust, positive impact on the tendency of a supermajority rule to inflate the budget. Our finding implies that a supermajority rule in bicameral legislatures can have a perverse effect on budget outcomes.

Evaluation of V2O5 Film-Based Electrochromic Device with Dry-Deposited Ion Storage Layer

Dongwon Shin,Jiseon Kim,Caroline Sunyong Lee 한국정밀공학회 2023 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.24 No.1

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) film was used to fabricate an electrochromic device counterbalanced with a dry-deposited ion storage layer (ISL). For the ISL, a mixture of antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) and Prussian blue (PB) powders (PB-ATO; 1:4 vol%) was dry deposited to form PB-ATO ISL as the counter electrode of the device, thereby improving electrochromic device characteristics. Dry deposition provided a film with a rough surface, which resulted in improved electrochromic properties because of the large surface area of the ISL, which provided more paths for electron movement. The ISL was deposited using a dry deposition system (i.e., the nanoparticle deposition system [NPDS]) to maximize the surface area of the film. The polyol method was used to fabricate V2O5 film with high crystallinity for better electrochromic properties. The fabricated V2O5-based electrochromic device (ECD) was evaluated by electrochemical analysis. Compared with the ECD without PB-ATO ISL, the difference in reflectance exceeded 50% for the ECD with PB-ATO ISL. Moreover, the ECD without ISL had a diffusion coefficient of 1.88 × 10−10 S2/s, while the ECD with PB-ATO ISL had an order of magnitude higher diffusion coefficient of 2.47 × 10−9 cm2/s. Therefore, the performance of the ECD was improved using dry-deposited ISL composed of PB-ATO. The coloration of the device was dramatically improved using PB-ATO ISL, compared with the device with ATO alone or without any ISL.

Fast Magneto-Ionic Switching of Interface Anisotropy Using Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Gate Oxide

Dongwon Choi,Sujin Jo,Byeong-Kwon Ju,Seonghoon Woo,Ki-Young Lee 한국자기학회 2020 한국자기학회 학술연구발표회 논문개요집 Vol.30 No.2

The Impact of Network Neutrality Violation on the Streaming Platform Ecosystem : Evidence from Twitch TV

Dongwon Shin,Gunwoong Lee 한국경영정보학회 2023 한국경영정보학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2023 No.06

Integrating Anatomical Site Information into Vision Transformer Models for Skin Cancer Classification

Dongwon Woo,Jungrae Cho,Sumok Bae,Dae-Lyong HA,Weon Ju Lee,Sungmoon Jeong 한국통신학회 2024 한국통신학회 인공지능 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2024 No.9

Effects of Annealing Temperature on the Electrical Properties of ALD-Grown Hf-Silicate Films Having Various Si Contents

Dongwon Lee,김형섭,Dae-Hong Ko,Dongchan Suh,Kyung Park,Myung Soo Lee 한국물리학회 2007 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.51 No.I

Five- $\sim$ 5.9-nm-thick pure HfO$_2$ and Hf-silicate films having different compositions (Hf$_{31}$Si$_{4}$O$_{65}$, Hf$_{20}$Si$_{14}$O$_{66}$ and Hf$_{9}$Si$_{24}$O$_{66}$) were grown on Si (100) substrates by using atomic layer deposition, and their electrical properties were examined in relation to the post-deposition annealing temperature by using capacitance-voltage measurements. In contrast to other samples, only the Hf$_{20}$Si$_{14}$O$_{66}$ film exhibited a phase separation phenomenon in the direction of the film normal with increasing annealing temperature, which was confirmed by cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). In the case of the Hf-rich (Hf$_{31}$Si$_{4}$O$_{65}$) and Si-rich (Hf$_{9}$Si$_{25}$O$_{66}$) samples, the flatband voltage was negatively shifted with increasing annealing temperature, mainly due to the growth of the interfacial oxide. However, the flatband voltage of the Hf$_{20}$Si$_{14}$O$_{66}$ film was positively shifted as the annealing temperature was increased up to 800 $^\circ$C, probably due to the spinodal decomposition process, and returned back to its original value at 900 $^\circ$C due to a mechanism similar to that observed in the other samples.

Hidden Saving and In-kind Transfers

Dongwon Lee,Joon Song 한국계량경제학회 2014 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMETRICS Vol.25 No.3

This paper revisits the claim that public provision of in-kind transfer is more efficient than transfers in cash. A simple job search model suggests that moral hazard would become more severe if recipients can save the transfer payment privately (the hidden saving problem), inducing them to make less effort to find jobs (that is, double deviation problem). We show that because the hidden saving problem always exists, economic efficiency requires overprovision of inkind transfers and undersupply of cash grants. Our finding suggests that saving is not a virtue for government transfers.

A Novel Soft Computing Technique for the Shortcoming of the Polynomial Neural Network

Dongwon Kim,Sung-Hoe Huh,Sam-Jun Seo,Gwi-Tae Park 대한전기학회 2004 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.2 No.2