신뢰성 있는 홍채 특징 추출을 위한 효율적인 전처리 모델 연구

이동국(Dongkook Lee),기균도(Gyundo Kee),이관용(Kwanyong Lee),이일병(Yillbyung Lee) 한국정보과학회 2000 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.27 No.2Ⅱ

동일인에 대한 눈 영상에 대해서 홍채 영역 추출의 일정성은 인식을 위한 특징 추출에 신뢰성을 부여해주는 핵심 부분이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이런 특징 추출의 신뢰성을 부여하기 위한 방법으로서 좌표 설정의 기준이 되는 중심의 대표 값을 찾아내는 방법과 홍채 근육의 움직임에 의한 영향을 배제할 수 있는 홍채 영역 정규화의 한 모델을 제시함으로써 불리한 환경 조건에서 홍채 인식률을 높이는 기반을 세우고자 한다.

Ingress/egress Motion Analysis of Recreational Vehicle through Video Observation

Dongkook Park,Donghun Lee,Hojin Lee,Bora Kang,Min K. Chung,Sangkyu Kim,Jungpil Choi 대한인간공학회 2011 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.5

This study compares ingress/egress motion in recreational vehicle driver's seat in terms of user's height. To comparing motion, first, we developed ingress/egress motion classification criteria. Next, we conducted ingress/egress motion experiment. Forty people were participated in this experiment. These participants were grouped by their height. We recorded ingress egress motion analyze these data by video observation. The results show that there exist ingress/egress motion differences between user groups. These differences were mainly comes from door entrance height. This study is basis for other ingress/egress experiments design.

Correlation between Structures and Magnetism in Iron

Dongkook Lee,Sooncheol Hong 한국자기학회 2007 Journal of Magnetics Vol.12 No.2

Even a pure bulk Fe has a complicated magnetic phase and its magnetism is still needed to be clarified. In this study we investigated the magnetism of bcc and fcc bulk Fe with total energy calculations as functions of atomic volume. The full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method was adopted within a generalized gradient approximation. The ground state of bulk Fe is confirmed to be of ferromagnetic (FM) bcc. For fcc structured Fe an antiferromagnetic (AFM) state is more stable compared to FM states which exist as low spin and high spin states. The stable AFM states were found to accompany a tetragonal distortion, while the FM states remained in a cubic symmetry. At an expanded lattice constant a high spin FM state was calculated to be able to be stabilized with significant enhanced magnetic moment compared to the value of the ground state, bcc FM.

영어철자 I/Y의 교체에 관한 통시적 분석

이동국 ( Dongkook Lee ) 한국방송통신대학교 통합인문학연구소 2022 통합인문학연구 Vol.14 No.1

English spelling is often criticized for its complexities and inadequacies. Among these, we can point to an alternation of < y > with < i > when a suffix is attached. Previous studies have failed to provide adequate explanations for this phenomenon: they could not explain why. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between < y > and < i > from a diachronic point of view. The function of letter < y > became overlapped with < i > when the rounded sound of < y > was lost in Middle English. Since then, the /i(:)/ sound was represented by either < i > or < y >. < y > was used instead of < i > when minim letters were adjacent in a word. The similarity between the two sounds led to their interchangeability. Until in the sixteenth century < i > and < y > were generally interchangeable as in bible and byble. In the word final positions, the spellings were < ie > and < y > as in earlie and early. Moving toward standardization, spellings became more established in their modern form in the eighteenth century. During this process, the English spelling system created some constraints regarding the letter < i >: word-final < i > and < is > are not allowed, and two consecutive < i >’s are not acceptable. In addition, English avoids the occurrence of three vowels in a row. Whenever wrong spelling forms appear, < i > is replaced with < y > since < y > has come to be an alternative form of < i >. The changes made words easier to read and pronounce. I propose that current English spelling rules consist of a set of constraints and alternative devices, which were the consequences of historical developments. English has always tried to choose the optimal spelling forms of lesser constraint violations. The diachronic approach presented in this study will contribute to a better understanding of peculiar aspects of the English letters < i > and < y >.

영어의 자음중복: 통시적 분석

이동국 ( Lee¸ Dongkook ) 한국방송통신대학교 통합인문학연구소 2023 통합인문학연구 Vol.15 No.1

Even adults sometimes have difficulty deciding when to double a consonant. The present study examines the historical, phonological, etymological and graphotactic factors which influence spellers’ choice of single versus double consonants, among which historical account proves to be the most important. Toward the end of the twelfth century, thanks to Norman scribes, a convention developed of marking short vowels with doubled consonants. The use of double consonants increases in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was established as a norm in English spelling. The present ‘Doubling the final consonant rule’ is a result of these historical development; without the doubled consonant the short vowel in hopping becomes the long vowel in hoping. In addition, the diachronic approach accounts for why some consonant letters cannot be doubled. < ck >, < tch > < dge > are actually doubled letters, which marks a short vowel. English printers preferred to keep the Abstract original spellings of French and Latin loanwords, which explains the medial doubling of consonants. The series of principles which regulate the use of ‘double’ consonant letters in English spelling offers valuable insights. Understanding the historical spelling changes can help us to have a broader view of the English spelling system.

영어 철자와 발음의 괴리에 관한 통시적 연구: 자음을 중심으로

이동국 ( Dongkook Lee ) 한국방송통신대학교 통합인문학연구소 2021 통합인문학연구 Vol.13 No.1

English spelling is notorious for the lack of one-to-one correspondence between spelling and pronunciation. Many errors can occur when we read words with < c > and < g > or silent letters. This study shows that the problems are closely tied to historical factors. French scribes greatly influenced English spelling system by implementing their own rules and introducing digraphs such as < th >, < sh >, < ch >, < gh >, etc. In addition, while spelling became fixed thanks to the introduction of printing in England and Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), English pronunciation underwent important shifts in Early Modern English. The lack of consistency today is an inevitable outcome of the process in which English spelling could not keep up with changes in the sounds. In determining why these mismatches emerged, we may learn helpful applications to the acquisition of spelling skills. The chronological explorations in this study will help us in accomplishing this task.

미래조동사 문법화의 코퍼스 분석

이동국(Lee Dongkook) 한국영어학회 2010 영어학 Vol.10 No.2

In present-day English, be going to is the second most frequent marker of the future. This paper aims to investigate the grammaticalization process of the lexical structure by using various English historical corpora. In the Early Modern English period, the status of be going to as a future marker was less obvious than it is today. The infinitives following it were ambiguous between purpose and future interpretation. The use of be going to as a marker of the pure future tense began to be recorded in the Early Modern English corpora as early as the middle of the 17th century. The motion verb go, the progressive aspect, and preposition to reinforced each other as its frequency began to increase from Early Modern English. Increased frequency of the construction is evidence of grammaticalization. Early modern English is a pivotal stage in the development of the be going to construction. The appearance of modals and the sudden increase in frequency of the progressive provide background of the change.

영어철자와 발음의 괴리: 통시적 연구

이동국 ( Lee Dongkook ) 한국방송통신대학교 통합인문학연구소 2020 통합인문학연구 Vol.12 No.1

This paper aims to elucidate the correlation between spelling and pronunciation in English. The current English spelling system seems illogical and non-phonetic since a perfect correspondence between letters and sounds does not exist. ESL and EFL learners cannot overlook these irregularities. Previous studies have failed to provide satisfactory explanations for this phenomenon by focusing solely on spelling patterns or pronunciation drills. This study finds that the problems are linked mainly to historical reasons. While spelling remained somewhat consistent in the Early Modern English, English pronunciation has undergone important shifts since the introduction of printing in England. Thus, in many cases, the lack of consistency came about because modern English spelling was fixed in the fifteenth century but could not keep up with the sounds changes thereafter. There were other historical factors that caused the mismatch in spelling and pronunciation: the influence of the French scribes, minim stroke avoidance, and spelling errors by early printers. Given the chronological explanations, the sound-to-letter correspondences are not as inconsistent as widely believed. Understanding this “secret” of English spelling may reduce complexity in spelling for learners.

Foot Placement Analysis of Vehicle Ingress by User Characteristics

Hojin Lee,Donghun Lee,Bora Kang,Dongkook Park,Min K. Chung,Sangkyu Kim,Jungpil Choi 대한인간공학회 2011 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.5

This study investigated the standard foot placement and found tendency among groups according to body size in recreational vehicle ingress. A total of forty people participated in ingress experiment. Subjects were divided into four groups according to their body size and performed ingress experiment of three vehicles (low size recreational vehicle, high size recreational vehicle and recreational vehicle having side-step). Experimenter recorded foot placement of subjects and analyzed video for obtaining foot placement involving center position of the foot and foot angle. And then through foot angle data, histogram was drawn and representative foot angle range which showed high frequency was founded. Experiment found mean value of those data in the representative foot angle range. The mean foot center and angle was identified with representative foot placement of the group. Generally small body size people had closer foot placement from vehicle than large body size people. However specially, high stature group people had far foot placement from vehicle than extreme high stature group. The result of this study can't be generalized to whole vehicle, but the methodology and tendency can be applied to understand ingress motion of full body and make more precise simulation analysis of vehicle ingress

영어 전치사 notwithstanding의 위치적 변이에 관한 코퍼스 기반 연구

이동국 ( Lee Dongkook ) 한국언어정보학회 2018 언어와 정보 Vol.22 No.2

(Korean National Open University): Notwithstanding is the only English preposition that can both precede and follow its complement (i.e. object) without a change of form. Previous studies have not provided an extensive empirical analysis of the word order variation. This study investigates which factors have an effect on the position of notwithstanding by utilizing relevant historical and modern corpora. With respect to regional differences, the findings reveal that the postposed forms are in general more common in American English than in British English. In terms of genre, while it is found that the preposition is most frequent in academic writings, the ratio of the postpositional variant is higher in less formal genres such as fiction, magazine and news. Historically, the frequency of postposed notwithstanding increases in the twentieth century after a period of early loss in its usage in the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. In this paper, I argue that this is due to post-colonial revival and not colonial lag. The preposed form is dominant in different national varieties of English around the world. The future of notwithstanding is uncertain since the preposition itself is becoming rarer in present-day English notwithstanding the fact that the use of postpositional variant increases in American English.