Evaluation of Car Seat Using Reliable and Valid Vehicle Seat Discomfort Survey

Deros, Baba Md.,Daruis, Dian Darina Indah,Nor, Mohd Jailani Mohd Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers 2009 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.8 No.2

Subjective evaluation has always been regarded as a branch of social science research. Hence, in scientific and especially engineering points of view, its development is always taken for granted despite the importance of its effects on the design and development decisions. In the past, at least two automotive seat survey questionnaires have been developed with high statistical validity and reliability. Nonetheless, both were not local while subjective perception very much depends on demographic background factors. It is felt that since vehicle seat comfort is an important aspect in a seat design, a local sense should be put into the survey that is used as the subjective tool. The proposed vehicle seat discomfort survey questionnaire was developed in dual languages; English and Malay. Malay language is the national language of Malaysia, where the survey was tested. Beside inputs from literatures, key informant interviews helped in establishing the appropriate terms used as survey items. Three experimental runs on two different seats by 22 paid subjects showed that the developed questionnaire is reliable and valid. Furthermore, criterion validity analysis on the survey and previously developed survey showed significant correlation at 0.01 significance level.

Evaluation of Car Seat Using Reliable and Valid Vehicle Seat Discomfort Survey

Baba Md. Deros,Dian Darina Indah Daruis,Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor 대한산업공학회 2009 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.8 No.2

Subjective evaluation has always been regarded as a branch of social science research. Hence, in scientific and especially engineering points of view, its development is always taken for granted despite the importance of its effects on the design and development decisions. In the past, at least two automotive seat survey questionnaires have been developed with high statistical validity and reliability. Nonetheless, both were not local while subjective perception very much depends on demographic background factors. It is felt that since vehicle seat comfort is an important aspect in a seat design, a local sense should be put into the survey that is used as the subjective tool. The proposed vehicle seat discomfort survey questionnaire was developed in dual languages; English and Malay. Malay language is the national language of Malaysia, where the survey was tested. Beside inputs from literatures, key informant interviews helped in establishing the appropriate terms used as survey items. Three experimental runs on two different seats by 22 paid subjects showed that the developed questionnaire is reliable and valid. Furthermore, criterion validity analysis on the survey and previously developed survey showed significant correlation at 0.01 significance level.

An Integrated Model of Static and Dynamic Measurement for Seat Discomfort

Daruis, Dian Darina Indah,Deros, Baba Md,Nor, Mohd Jailani Mohd,Hosseini, Mohammad Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers 2011 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.10 No.3

A driver interacts directly with the car seat at all times. There are ergonomic characteristics that have to be followed to produce comfortable seats. However, most of previous researches focused on either static or dynamic condition only. In addition, research on car seat development is critically lacking although Malaysia herself manufactures its own car. Hence, this paper integrates objective measurements and subjective evaluation to predict seat discomfort. The objective measurements consider both static and dynamic conditions. Steven's psychophysics power law has been used in which after expansion; ${\psi}\;=\;a+b{\varphi}_s^{\alpha}+c{\varphi}_v^{\beta}$ where ${\psi}$ is discomfort sensation, ${\varphi}_s^{\alpha}$ is static modality with exponent ${\alpha}$ and ${\varphi}_v^{\beta}$ is dynamic modality with exponent ${\beta}$. The subjects in this study were local and the cars used were Malaysian made compact car. Static objective measurement was the seat pressure distribution measurement. The experiment was carried out on the driver's seat in a real car with the engine turned off. Meanwhile, the dynamic objective measurement was carried out in a moving car on real roads. During pressure distribution and vibration transmissibility experiments, subjects were requested to evaluate their discomfort levels using vehicle seat discomfort survey questionnaire together with body map diagram. From subjective evaluations, seat pressure and vibration dose values exponent for static modality ${\alpha}$ = 1.51 and exponent for dynamic modality ${\beta}$ = 1.24 were produced. The curves produced from the $E_{q.s}$ showed better $R_{-sq}$ values (99%) when both static and dynamic modalities were considered together as compared to Eq. with single modality only (static or dynamic only R-Sq = 95%). In conclusion, car seat discomfort prediction gives better result when seat development considered both static and dynamic modalities; and using ergonomic approach.

An Integrated Model of Static and Dynamic Measurement for Seat Discomfort

Dian Darina Indah Daruis,Baba Md Deros,Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor,Mohammad Hosseini 대한산업공학회 2011 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.10 No.3

A driver interacts directly with the car seat at all times. There are ergonomic characteristics that have to be followed to produce comfortable seats. However, most of previous researches focused on either static or dynamic condition only. In addition, research on car seat development is critically lacking although Malaysia herself manufactures its own car. Hence, this paper integrates objective measurements and subjective evaluation to predict seat discomfort. The objective measurements consider both static and dynamic conditions. Steven"s psychophysics power law has been used in which after expansion; ψ = a+bφs<SUP>α</SUP>+cφv<SUP>β</SUP> where ψ is discomfort sensation, φs<SUP>α</SUP> is static modality with exponent α and φv<SUP>β</SUP> is dynamic modality with exponent β. The subjects in this study were local and the cars used were Malaysian made compact car. Static objective measurement was the seat pressure distribution measurement. The experiment was carried out on the driver"s seat in a real car with the engine turned off. Meanwhile, the dynamic objective measurement was carried out in a moving car on real roads. During pressure distribution and vibration transmissibility experiments, subjects were requested to evaluate their discomfort levels using vehicle seat discomfort survey questionnaire together with body map diagram. From subjective evaluations, seat pressure and vibration dose values exponent for static modality α=1.51 and exponent for dynamic modality β=1.24 were produced. The curves produced from the Eq.s showed better R-sq values (99%) when both static and dynamic modalities were considered together as compared to Eq. with single modality only (static or dynamic only R-Sq = 95%). In conclusion, car seat discomfort prediction gives better result when seat development considered both static and dynamic modalities; and using ergonomic approach.

증강현실을 사용한 자원 효율적인 정보 제공 인터페이스 연구

김수빈(Subin Kim),배드로(Dero Bae),이상준(SangJun Lee),백다빈(Dabin Sin),황성수(Seoungsu hwang) 한국HCI학회 2017 한국HCI학회 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.2

기하급수적으로 많아지는 정보화 시대에 따라 정보를 빠르고 편리하게 접근하고자 하는 수요가 많아지면서, 교내에서는 강의 시간표, 강의 정보 그리고 교수 정보를 얻고자 할 때에도 매번 서버접속, 로그인, 정보검색과 같은 여러 중간단계를 거쳐야만 한다. 또한, 얻은 정보를 다른 사람에게 알릴 때에도 전달하는 과정에서 종이와 같은 많은 양의 물적 자원과 인적 자원을 낭비하게 된다. 이러한 불편한 요소를 없애는 방안으로 증강현실을 이용하여 사진 기반 마커와 이미지 매칭을 통해 번거로운 중간단계를 거치지 않으면서 자원도 낭비할 필요 없이 실시간으로 정보를 전달 받을 수 있다.

한국어 형태론의 보편성과 특수성을 찾아서

오규환(Oh Kyu hwan,吳珪煥),김민국(Kim Min gook,金玟局),정한데로(Jung Han dero,丁한데로) 형태론 2014 형태론 Vol.16 No.2

본고에서는 최형용(2013)을 개관하고 한국어 형태론의 유형론과 관련한 쟁점들을 부각하여 이에 대한 필자들의 견해를 제시하였다. 본고의 논의는 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 최형용(2013)에서 문제 제기의 발단이 된 '굴절'이라는 용어는 단어형이 변화하는 방식을 가리키기도 하지만 의미ㆍ기능적인 것으로 이해할 수도 있다. 따라서 한국어 문법 기술에서 굴절이라는 용어를 이해할 때에는 이러한 사정을 고려할 필요도 있음을 주장하였다. 둘째, 조사와 어미를 문법적 단어로 설정하는 '분석적 체계'는 그 나름의 장점을 지니지만 한국어의 형태론적 특성을 설명하거나 한국어와 다른 언어를 유형론적으로 비교하기 위하여서는 조사와 어미를 접사로 간주하는 '종합적 체계'도 그 나름대로의 의의를 지니고 있음을 논의하였다. 한편 최형용(2013)이 '음운론적 단어'로 간주한 '어절'은 딕슨ㆍ아이켄발트(2002)에서 제안한 '음운론적 단어'와 거리가 멀다는 점과, 비교적 명확하게 정의할 수 있는 것처럼 보이는 '문법적 단어'의 경우에도 이를 정의하는 일이 쉽지 않다는 문제가 있음을 지적하였다. 셋째, 유형론적인 특수성을 강조하는지, 보편성을 강조하는지에 따라 어휘적 단어의 분류 체계는 달리 세워질 수 있다는 점을 지적하고 한국어의 유형론적 보편성과 특수성을 잘 드러낼 수 있는 어휘적 단어의 분류 체계를 제안하였다. 넷째, 한국어 형태론의 현저성을 나타내어 주는 통합성 지수를 산출할 때에는 한자 형태소와 영형태소의 분석이 문제가 될 수 있는데 그 분석 방법에 따라 통합성 지수가 달리 산출될 수도 있다는 점을 언급하였다. 다섯째, '단어 기반 모형'만이 한국어 단어 형성 과정을 설명할 수 있는 유일한 모형이 아니며, '형태소 기반 모형'과 '단어 기반 모형'이 가지는 장단점을 고려할 필요가 있음을 강조하였다. In this article, we review Choi(2013) critically and emphasize our opinions about the relevant issues of linguistic typology of Korean morphology. Our discussions can be summarized as follows. First, the term 'inflection', which can be seen as the beginning of problems in Choi(2013) not only refers to the manner or technique of varying of word-form, but also can be interpreted as something semantic or functional. Thus, this needs to be considered, if we understand the term 'inflection' in the context of the description of Korean grammar. Second, so-called 'analytic system', in which both 'josa(조사)' and 'emi(어미)' are regarded as grammatical words has its own merits. However, for the sake of revealing the morphological traits of Korean or of contrasting Korean with other languages from linguistic typological perspectives, what we call 'synthetic system', in which both 'josa(조사)' and 'emi(어미)' are seen as affixes may have more advantages than 'analytic system'. And 'ejel(어절)' which might be equal to 'phonological word' in Choi(2013) is different from 'phonological word' which is suggested in Dixon & Aikhenvald(2002). In case of 'grammatical word', though it seems easy to give a definition of it, it is hard to define it to all intents. Third, We argue that the classification of lexical words could vary with the typological viewpoints. So, a classification of lexical words can be composed differently according to which trait is stressed between linguistic typological universals and particularities. Then we suggest our own classifications of lexical words that can represent linguistic typological universals and particularities of Korean morphology respectively. Fourth, in calculating the 'index of synthesis' which shows the morphological prominence, the analyses of Sino-Korean morphemes and zero morphemes could be a problem, so we show that the results of calculating the 'index of synthesis' can vary with the way of analyzing given morphemes. Fifth, 'word-based model' is not the sole approach to explain word-formation processes of Korean. Accordingly, considering the (de)merits of 'morpheme-based model' and 'word-based model', we emphasize that a balanced approach in between two models is required.