Cholesterol-induced inflammation and macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue is reduced by a low carbohydrate diet in guinea pigs

David Aguilar,Ryan C deOgburn,Jeff S Volek,Maria Luz Fernandez 한국영양학회 2014 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.8 No.6

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a high cholesterol (HC) dietary challenge on cholesterol tissue accumulation, inflammation, adipocyte differentiation, and macrophage infiltration in guinea pigs. A second objective was to assess whether macronutrient manipulation would reverse these metabolic alterations. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male Hartley guinea pigs (10/group) were assigned to either low cholesterol (LC) (0.04g/100g) or high cholesterol (HC) (0.25g/100g) diets for six weeks. For the second experiment, 20 guinea pigs were fed the HC diet for six weeks and then assigned to either a low carbohydrate (CHO) diet (L-CHO) (10% energy from CHO) or a high CHO diet (H-CHO) (54% CHO) for an additional six weeks. RESULTS: Higher concentrations of total (P < 0.005) and free (P < 0.05) cholesterol were observed in both adipose tissue and aortas of guinea pigs fed the HC compared to those in the LC group. In addition, higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the adipose tissue (P < 0.005) and lower concentrations of anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10 were observed in the HC group (P < 0.05) compared to the LC group. Of particular interest, adipocytes in the HC group were smaller in size (P < 0.05) and showed increased macrophage infiltration compared to the LC group. When compared to the H-CHO group, lower concentrations of cholesterol in both adipose and aortas as well as lower concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue were observed in the L-CHO group (P < 0.05). In addition, guinea pigs fed the L-CHO exhibited larger adipose cells and lower macrophage infiltration compared to the H-CHO group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study strongly suggest that HC induces metabolic dysregulation associated with inflammation in adipose tissue and that L-CHO is more effective than H-CHO in attenuating these detrimental effects.

Genetic Determination and Localization of Multiple Bacteriocins Produced by Enterococcus faecium CWBI-B1430 and Enterococcus mundtii CWBI-B1431

Ana Aguilar-Galvez,David Campos,Robin Dubois-Dauphin,Philippe Thonart 한국식품과학회 2011 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.20 No.2

Enterococcus faecium CWBI-B1430 and Enterococcus mundtii CWBI-B1431 from artisanalproduced Peruvian cheeses showed the presence of 4putative bacteriocin genes: enterocin A, enterocin B,enterocin P, and mundticin KS. The multiple bacteriocin producer E. faecium CWBI-B1430 presented 1 plasmid of 34.6 kb, whereas E. mundtii CWBI-B1431 contained 1plasmid of 11.0 kb. The structural gene responsible for mundticin KS production was located on 5.6 and 3.1 kb HindIII plasmid fragments. The reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed the expression of the bacteriocin genes enterocin A, enterocin B, and mundticin KS in E. faecium CWBI-B1430 and the bacteriocin genes enterocin P and mundticin KS in E. mundtii CWBI-B1431. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the expression of mundticin KS in E. faecium and enterocin P in E. mundtii.

The role of the transcription factor ETV5 in insulin exocytosis.

Gutierrez-Aguilar, Ruth,Kim, Dong-Hoon,Casimir, Marina,Dai, Xiao-Qing,Pfluger, Paul T,Park, Jongsun,Haller, April,Donelan, Elizabeth,Park, Jisoo,D'Alessio, David,Woods, Stephen C,MacDonald, Patrick E Springer Verlag 2014 Diabetologia Vol.57 No.2

<P>Genome-wide association studies have revealed an association of the transcription factor ETS variant gene 5 (ETV5) with human obesity. However, its role in glucose homeostasis and energy balance is unknown.</P>

Load response of the natural tooth and dental implant: A comparative biomechanics study

Robinson, Dale,Aguilar, Luis,Gatti, Andrea,Abduo, Jaafar,Lee, Peter Vee Sin,Ackland, David The Korean Academy of Prosthodonitics 2019 The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics Vol.11 No.3

PURPOSE. While dental implants have displayed high success rates, poor mechanical fixation is a common complication, and their biomechanical response to occlusal loading remains poorly understood. This study aimed to develop and validate a computational model of a natural first premolar and a dental implant with matching crown morphology, and quantify their mechanical response to loading at the occlusal surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A finite-element model of the stomatognathic system comprising the mandible, first premolar and periodontal ligament (PDL) was developed based on a natural human tooth, and a model of a dental implant of identical occlusal geometry was also created. Occlusal loading was simulated using point forces applied at seven landmarks on each crown. Model predictions were validated using strain gauge measurements acquired during loading of matched physical models of the tooth and implant assemblies. RESULTS. For the natural tooth, the maximum vonMises stress (6.4 MPa) and maximal principal strains at the mandible ($1.8m{\varepsilon}$, $-1.7m{\varepsilon}$) were lower than those observed at the prosthetic tooth (12.5 MPa, $3.2m{\varepsilon}$, and $-4.4m{\varepsilon}$, respectively). As occlusal load was applied more bucally relative to the tooth central axis, stress and strain magnitudes increased. CONCLUSION. Occlusal loading of the natural tooth results in lower stress-strain magnitudes in the underlying alveolar bone than those associated with a dental implant of matched occlusal anatomy. The PDL may function to mitigate axial and bending stress intensities resulting from off-centered occlusal loads. The findings may be useful in dental implant design, restoration material selection, and surgical planning.

Basic considerations on magnesium in the management of neurocritical patients

Lozada-Martinez Ivan David,Padilla-Durán Teddy Javier,Jhon Jairo González-Monterroza,Daniel Alfonso Aguilar-Espinosa,Kelly Nathalia Molina-Perea,William Camargo-Martinez,Luz Llamas-Medrano,Mariana Hur 대한신경집중치료학회 2021 대한신경집중치료학회지 Vol.14 No.2

Magnesium is an essential chemical element in human life. In the brain, it is physiologically responsible for a large number of processes involved in intracellular homeostasis, blood-brain barrier integrity, protein synthesis, neuronal proliferation, aging, and apoptosis. Considering that neurocritical care is a relatively new discipline in certain regions of the world and is an independent protective factor of neurological diseases in critical care, it is essential to disseminate basic concepts and utilities of tools that can positively impact the neurological disease burden. Magnesium and its use in neurocritical care are poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to review basic concepts regarding the physiology of magnesium in neurological dynamics, its role in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, and the outcome of its use in the management of neurocritical illnesses.

Neutrino emission from the direction of the blazar TXS 0506+056 prior to the IceCube-170922A alert

Aartsen, Mark,Ackermann, Markus,Adams, Jenni,Aguilar, Juan Antonio,Ahlers, Markus,Ahrens, Maryon,Al Samarai, Imen,Altmann, David,Andeen, Karen,Anderson, Tyler,Ansseau, Isabelle,Anton, Gisela,Arguelles American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2018 Science Vol.361 No.6398

<P><B>Neutrino emission from a flaring blazar</B></P><P>Neutrinos interact only very weakly with matter, but giant detectors have succeeded in detecting small numbers of astrophysical neutrinos. Aside from a diffuse background, only two individual sources have been identified: the Sun and a nearby supernova in 1987. A multiteam collaboration detected a high-energy neutrino event whose arrival direction was consistent with a known blazar—a type of quasar with a relativistic jet oriented directly along our line of sight. The blazar, TXS 0506+056, was found to be undergoing a gamma-ray flare, prompting an extensive multiwavelength campaign. Motivated by this discovery, the IceCube collaboration examined lower-energy neutrinos detected over the previous several years, finding an excess emission at the location of the blazar. Thus, blazars are a source of astrophysical neutrinos.</P><P><I>Science</I>, this issue p. 147, p. eaat1378</P><P>A high-energy neutrino event detected by IceCube on 22 September 2017 was coincident in direction and time with a gamma-ray flare from the blazar TXS 0506+056. Prompted by this association, we investigated 9.5 years of IceCube neutrino observations to search for excess emission at the position of the blazar. We found an excess of high-energy neutrino events, with respect to atmospheric backgrounds, at that position between September 2014 and March 2015. Allowing for time-variable flux, this constitutes 3.5σ evidence for neutrino emission from the direction of TXS 0506+056, independent of and prior to the 2017 flaring episode. This suggests that blazars are identifiable sources of the high-energy astrophysical neutrino flux.</P>

Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A

Aartsen, Mark,Ackermann, Markus,Adams, Jenni,Aguilar, Juan Antonio,Ahlers, Markus,Ahrens, Maryon,Al Samarai, Imen,Altmann, David,Andeen, Karen,Anderson, Tyler,Ansseau, Isabelle,Anton, Gisela,Argü American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2018 Science Vol.361 No.6398

<P>Previous detections of individual astrophysical sources of neutrinos are limited to the Sun and the supernova 1987A, whereas the origins of the diffuse flux of high-energy cosmic neutrinos remain unidentified. On 22 September 2017, we detected a high-energy neutrino, IceCube-170922A, with an energy of ~290 tera-electron volts. Its arrival direction was consistent with the location of a known γ-ray blazar, TXS 0506+056, observed to be in a flaring state. An extensive multiwavelength campaign followed, ranging from radio frequencies to γ-rays. These observations characterize the variability and energetics of the blazar and include the detection of TXS 0506+056 in very-high-energy γ-rays. This observation of a neutrino in spatial coincidence with a γ-ray-emitting blazar during an active phase suggests that blazars may be a source of high-energy neutrinos.</P>

Treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia: real world data from a reference center in Mexico

José Carlos Jaime-Pérez,Patrizia Aguilar-Calderón,Lorena Salazar-Cavazos,Andrés Gómez-De León,David Gómez-Almaguer 대한혈액학회 2019 Blood Research Vol.54 No.2

BackgroundWarm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (w-AIHA) is an uncommon disease with heteroge-neous response to treatment. Steroids are the standard treatment at diagnosis, whereas rituximab has recently been recommended as the second-line therapy of choice. Our main objective was to document the response to treatment in patients with newly diag-nosed w-AIHA, including the effectiveness of low-dose rituximab as frontline treatment and for refractory disease.MethodsPatients with w-AIHA from 2002 to 2017 were included. Relapse-free survival (RFS), prob-ability of maintained response (MR), and time-to-response were analyzed using the Kaplan‒Meier method. Response was classified as complete, partial, and no response.ResultsWe included 64 adults with w-AIHA (39 women and 25 men). The median age was 37 (16‒77) years. Response rates to steroids alone were 76.7%, rituximab plus steroids, 100%; and cyclophosphamide, 80%. RFS with steroids at 6, 36, and 72 months was 86.3%, 65.1%, and 59.7%, respectively. Eighteen patients received rituximab at 100 mg/wk for 4 weeks plus high-dose dexamethasone as first-line therapy, with RFS at 6, 36, and 72 months of 92.3%, 58.7% and 44.1%, respectively. Eight patients refractory to several lines of therapy were treated with low-dose rituximab, and all achieved a response (three com-plete response and five partial response) at a median 16 days (95% confidence interval, 14.1‒17.8), with a 75% probability of MR at 103 months; the mean MR was 81.93±18months.ConclusionOutcomes of w-AIHA treatment were considerably heterogeneous. Low rituximab doses plus high dexamethasone doses were effective for refractory disease.

Intraumbilical versus intramuscular oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labor

Silvia Waleska Bu,César Alas-Pineda,David Aguilar-Andino,Dalton Argean Norwood,Kristhel Gaitán-Zambrano,Mario Pinto-Romero 대한산부인과학회 2023 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.66 No.2

ObjectiveTo compare the effect of intraumbilical vein oxytocin injection with standard management in reducing blood loss during the third and fourth stages of labor. Acute complications threaten the mother’s life during the third and fourth stages of labor. The most common complication is postpartum hemorrhage, which remains a leading cause of maternal mortality, particularly in developing countries. MethodsA randomized controlled trial was conducted in the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Leonardo Mart?nez Valenzuela Hospital from January to June 2021. A probabilistic sample was used: 332 pregnant patients were enrolled in the study and randomized into the case (166 patients) and control (166 patients) groups. The volume of blood lost was compared between the groups. ResultsThe median estimated blood loss was 120 mL (interquartile range [IQR], 80-218.75 mL). There was a statistically significant difference between the groups, showing less estimated blood loss in the international unit group with a median of 80 mL (IQR, 60-100 mL) (P<0.001), and 200 mL (IQR, 143.75-300 mL) in the intramuscular (IM) group, highlighting that 66.8% of the IM group had an estimated blood loss >251 mL. ConclusionAny reduction in bleeding during labor is clinically relevant because it improves patient prognosis. The use of intraumbilical oxytocin injection with active management of the third stage of labor significantly reduced postpartum blood loss and the duration of the third stage compared with the IM group.